cardio- Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects

Question 1

what are the 3 main types of ventricular septal defects?

Answer 1

subaortic
perimembranous
muscular

Question 2

what type of shunt in ventricular septal defect?

Answer 2

L to R shunt

Question 3

clinical presentation of ventricular septal defects

Answer 3

Pansystolic murmur lower left sternal edge, sometimes with thrill

In very small VSDs, early systolic murmur

In very large VSDs diastolic rumble due to relative mitral stenosis

Signs of cardiac failure in large VSDs, eventually leading to biventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension

Question 4

what is Eisenmenger Syndrome

Answer 4

VSD

Question 5

what do you see on ECHO of Eisenmenger Syndrome

Answer 5

VSD parasternal long axis view

Question 6

treatment of Eisenmenger Syndrome

Answer 6

Amplatzer or other occlusion device, trans-catheter

Patch closure, open heart surgery

Question 7

Atrial septal defects symptoms?

Answer 7

adults: atrial fibrillation, heart failure or pulmonary hypertension

Wide fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound, pulmonary flow murmur

Few clinical signs in early childhood, good chance of spontaneous closure

Question 8

what conditions are associated with Atriovetriculo-septal defect or endocardial cushion defect or AV canal defect

Answer 8

Trisomy 21

Singular AV valve with ostium primum ASD and high VSD