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Psychology 105 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the actions of baby in utero and how it affects them after birth

A

Baby in utero respond to their mothers speech (ie by kicking) and have the ability to maintain info from utero. As well as that, babies prefer their mothers voices after birth.

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2
Q

Describe speech in newborns and young babies

A

Making many sounds but no words

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3
Q

Describe speech in 2 month olds

A

They begin to make vowel sounds

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4
Q

Describe the speech of 6 month olds

A

Babbling begins (speech like sounds)

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5
Q

Describe the speech of 10-12 month olds

A

Small words begin to be used

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6
Q

How is speech directed to infants

A

Speech is more higher pitched, has more intonation, and is slower to maintain of infants

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7
Q

What are phonemes

A

The smallest unit of sound one can make that are the basic blocks for language that consist of vowel and consonant sounds. Infants can distinguish these sounds, as early as 1 month old

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8
Q

What are morphemes

A

The smallest meaningful unit of language possible. Words, prefixes or suffixes all cound

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9
Q

What is deep structure

A

The meaning of a sentence

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10
Q

What is surface structure

A

How a sentence is worded

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11
Q

Why is it so difficult for infants to identify words

A

1) There aren’t silent gaps between words

2) They have to pay attention to stressed syllables and language sound patterns

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12
Q

What is fast mapping

A

Connecting a new word with its referents and not considering its actual meaning

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13
Q

Describe joint attention and how it helps in learning language

A

Parents will often label items when toddlers touch them, allowing the toddler to associate the word with that object. Learning is more likely to happen when eye contact is made with the object while describing it

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14
Q

What is a holophrase

A

A one word utterance a child uses that describes more than what that word means

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15
Q

What is underextension

A

Defining a word too narrowly

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16
Q

What is overextension

A

Defining a word too broadly

17
Q

Describe grammatical development in 2 year olds

A

Multi-word utterances are made

18
Q

Describe grammatical development from 2-5 year olds

A

Make a lot of progress in grammar

19
Q

What is the best measure of syntactic development

A

A mean length of utterences

20
Q

What comes before production for kids

A

Comprehension

21
Q

What is the behaviorist explanation for language development

A

We learn through reinforcement, shaping, extinction, and other principles of operant conditioning

22
Q

What are issues with the behaviorist explanation

A

Parents don’t teach kids grammar, kids generate more grammatical sentences than they hear, and it doesn’t account for overgeneralization

23
Q

What is the nativist explanation for language development

A

Language learning capacities are built into the brain and we can acquire them through exposure

24
Q

What is the interactionist explanation for language and its criticism of the nativist explanation

A

Infants are born with the ability to gain language and need exposure to learn. The nativist explanation doesn’t say how language develops, only why.

25
Q

Describe areas of language development in the brain from infants and other ages.

A

Infants have language development that occurs in many places. The Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are in charge of language development later

26
Q

Describe the broca’s area

A

Involved in language production (spoken or signed)

27
Q

Describe the Wernicke’s area

A

Involved in speech comprehension

28
Q

Describe how bilingualism affects the brain

A

It causes structural changes in the brain, changing the density of the grey matter in the left side of the left inferior parietal cortex

29
Q

What are disadvantages of bilingualism

A

Bilinguals have lower vocabulary in each language sizes than monolinguals and have difficulties with lexical access.

30
Q

What are advantages of bilingualism

A

Advantages on tasks that require executive control abilities throughout the lifespan

31
Q

What is one thing executing functioning is responsible for

A

Inhibition

32
Q

Why is inhibition important for bilinguals

A

Inhibitory control must be necessary, and because bilinguals use it more, theirs is stronger than monolinguals

33
Q

What is the ventral occipitotemporal cortex in charge of

A

It is active during the visual processing of verbal stimuli

34
Q

Why did early attempts in teaching chimpanzees to speak fail

A

Because they don’t have the correct vocal anatomy to communicate with us

35
Q

What form of language worked with chimpanzees

A

Sign language

36
Q

What is the study of Washo and Loulis showing

A

Washo and Loulis showed us that chimpanzees can teach each other language

Psychology 105 (12 decks)

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