Introduction And Principles Of Drug Action

Question 1

Define pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in simple terms

Answer 1

Pharmacodynamic mechanism that produces the effect the drug has the on the body
Pharmacokinetics- what body does to the drug as it moves in the body
A- absorption, D- distribution , M- metabolism/ bio transformation , E- excretion

Question 2

Define a drug

Answer 2

Any molecule used to alter the body’s physiology and function. It is used to cure , treat or prevent diseases ( therapeutics)

Question 3

What is opposite of toxicology which deals w the negative effects of drug on the body

Answer 3

Therapeutics- deals with the beneficial effects of the drug on the body

Question 4

What is receptor

Answer 4

Receives substances that binds to it and activates it.

Question 5

All drugs act through receptors . True or false

Answer 5

False. Not all drugs. Some act thru enzyme inhibition and enzyme activation

Question 6

Indications define

Answer 6

Means uses

Example, paracetamol indication is for pain

Question 7

Contraindications define

Answer 7

The category of people which cannot use the drug

Question 8

Dose definition

Answer 8

Amount of drug that is taken at a given time

Question 9

How different are adverse effects from ide effects

Answer 9

Adverse effects are worse than side effects

Question 10

Ionized molecules carry charges so they do not suffer to move across membranes whereas non ionized molecules suffer to move across membranes . They are soluble . True or false

Answer 10

False
Ionized molecules suffer to move across membranes
Non ionized molecules don’t suffer to move acros membranes s

Question 11

Differen between agonist nd antagonist and partial agonist

Answer 11

Agonist- activate
Antagonists- bind to receptor but doesn’t activate it and prevents other drugs from binding to the receptor by it binding to the receptor
Partial agonist- acts as an agonist or antagonist depending on the circumstance

Question 12

Dose response curves are used to

Answer 12

Compare drugs and geometric progression is used in this curve

Question 13

Overflow , krebs solution in the first experiment you did signifies what

Answer 13

Makes sure water doesn’t go above a certain level

Krebs solution- preserve the tissue so it can continue functioning as if it was in a living organism. Depending on the tissue you’re using then you pick n appropriate physiological solution which contains different salts in different concentration
Air is also pumped into the organ bath

Question 14

Function of the coil in the experiment

Answer 14

Coil delays entry of physiological solution before it gets into the water bath cuz of difference in temperature between water bath and Krebs solution in the organ bath
Volume in the organ water bath is always 10ml

Question 15

A drug will act even tho it’s not bound and there ar eno exceptions. True or false

Answer 15

False

It won’t act until it’s bound although there are exceptions

Question 16

WhT are drug targets

Answer 16

These are what drugs need to bind to . They interact with drugs to produce an effect

Question 17

Name drug targets

Answer 17

Enzymes- cuz most enzymes catalyze most biological reactions
Ion channels- drugs work by blocking em or by opening th channels wider, faster or close em up (modulation). Eg Diazepam induces sedation
Transporters or carriers- carry substances into the cell or outside the cell
Receptors - they’re found on the surface of the cell so the drug doesn’t go inside the cell

Question 18

Receptors are able to change their conformation to regulate cellular activity. True or false

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Most receptors are membrane spanning. Explain

Answer 19

They occupy most parts of the cell membrane

Question 20

Name one hormone that can interact w receptors to bring about an effect

Answer 20

Estrogen interacts s estrogen receptors

Question 21

Name and explain the three properties of receptors

Answer 21

Sensitivity -react very fast to the drug that binds to it. Only free unkind drugs can bind to receptors
Selectivity - drug has to be in a certain way before it reacts to that drug. Ability of a receptor to display a preference for a particular drug
Specificity - a specific response is elicited when a specific drug binds to it

Question 22

Name the types of receptors

Answer 22

Ligand gates ion channel
G protein coupled receptors
Kinase linked receptors
Nuclear receptors

Question 23

How do ligand gated ion channels work

Answer 23

Ligands ( the drug) binds to the receptor. This opens the ion channel and allows ions to flow into it. It is very fast. Example nicotine acetylcholine receptor

Question 24

How do G protein coupled receptors work

Answer 24

The G protein(GDP) receptor is connected to a G protein.
When a drug binds to it , it activates it and the G protein also becomes activated. The activated G protein (GTP)now goes to cause the desired effect.

Question 25

Most drugs wtarget what type of receptor

Answer 25

GPCR

Gproteincoupledreceptor

Question 26

How does the kinase or enzyme linked receptor work

Answer 26

The receptor has two parts. The intercellular and extra cellular part of the receptor.
The intracellular part is an enzyme and the extra cellular part is where the drug binds to the receptor. When the drug binds to the receptor, the inside part of the receptor is activated because the outer part of the receptor has been activated. Example cytokine receptor

Question 27

How does the nuclear receptor work

Answer 27

The receptors are found in the nucleus of the cell. When the drug finds. Way to go into the cell and finally into the nucleus, they bind to the receptors and affect DNA transcription
It takes a long time to see the effect of drugs that target these receptors . Example- oestrogen receptor

Question 28

Protein phosphorylation is a common means of information transfer. True or false

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Define signal transduction

Answer 29

Process by which extra cellular inputs (drug receptor interactions) leads to intracellular messages (using mediators) that modulate physiological stuff

Question 30

Characteristics of secondary messengers or signal transduction

Answer 30

They relay or amplify the information they get

Transfer information from the environment to the cell’s interior

Question 31

Types of enzyme linked receptors

Answer 31

Tyrosine kinase receptors
Serine or threonine kinases
Cytokine receptors

Question 32

Name the non receptor mediated actions of drugs

Answer 32

1. Osmotic effects- diuretics (osmotic diuretics) : these receptors get into the kidney and water follows it wherever it goes
2. pH changes- antacids example- liver salt example concerning acid and base reaction
3. Chelation-penicillamine (copper in Wilson’s disease)
4. Physical or chem changes
   - 5-fluorouracil - cancer drug that causes changes in cancer cells
5. Disruption of cells- penicillin