Exam 2 Flashcards
Connective Tissue
Can be solid or liquid
Fx: Connects and binds tissue together
What are the three types of connective tissue?
- Specialized cells
- Extracellular fibers
- Ground substance
Specialized Cells 1. Fixed Cells
- Fibroblast: Involved with development of connective tissue
- Adipocyte: Involved with storage of energy
- Reticular Cell: Phagocytic cell of reticular connective tissue
Specialized Cells: 2. Wandering Cells
- Mast Cells: Contains heparin and histamine
Fx: recognize foreign invaders –> anti-inflammatory response - WBC: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
Extracellular Fibers: 1. Collagen
Main protein of connective tissues, found predominately in skin and bone
Fx: Gives structure and shape (rigid)
Extracellular Fibers: 2. Reticular Fibers
Found in liver and spleen
Fx: Gives framework and support for cellular organs
Extracellular Fibers: 3. Elastic Fibers
Found in alveolar sacs, young animals in bones
Fx: Allows for stretching of a tissue
-Emphysema: a condition where the alveolar sacs are damaged –> decrease in pulmonary compliance
Ground Substance
Can be liquid or solid
Def: Shapeless, viscous matrix of connective tissue
Fx: Allows for attachment, provides nutrients, eliminates waste, binds tissue together
Periosteum
Membrane surrounding the bone
Epiphysis
End of bone, composed of cancellous bone (spongy bone)
Epiphyseal Plate
Growth plate
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone, composed of cortical bone (compact bone)
- Haversian Canals: Run vertically to allow entry of blood vessels
- Volkmann Canals: Run horizontally to connect Haversian canals
Medullary Cavity
Hollow center of the bone
- Red bone marrow: produces RBCs, WBCs, platelets
- Yellow bone marrow: stores fat to be used for energy
Functions of the bone
- Support/Stability
- Protection
- Production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
- Storage of Ca+ and P+ (Ca + is important for neuron function)
- Provides point of attachment for muscles
- Stores fat
Production of Bone
Ossification
Produced by Osteoblasts
Regulated by: Thyroid and Para Thyroid
Thyroid
Produces calcitonin
Fx: Increases osteoblast numbers
If overactive –> thickening of bones –> Osteoma
Parathyroid
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Fx: Increases osteoclast numbers
If overactive –> Thinning of bone –> fracture
Breakdown of Bone
Deossification
Produced by osteoclasts
Cause the release of Ca+ and P+
Osteoporosis + eclampsia
Osteoporosis
Disorder characterized by abnormal deconstruction of bone
Eclampsia
Condition of decreased calcium in the blood stream due to lactation
Tx: IV Ca+ gluconate and ECG (to look for arrhythmias)
Prevention: Put in growth formula approx. 5 weeks into pregnancy
Wolf’s Law
Determination of bone density if directly correlated to muscle pull against the bone, muscle will stimulate bone growth