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VCE Health & Human Development > U3AOS1 - Foundations > Flashcards

U3AOS1 - Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

health and wellbeing

A

the state of a person’s physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual existence characterised by an equilibrium in which the person feels happy, healthy, engaged and capable
- not just the absence of disease

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2
Q

equilibrium

A

a state of balance or calmness

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3
Q

dynamic

A

continually changing and may be gradual or sudden

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4
Q

subjective

A

influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings and opinions
- can be affected by age, fitness, body weight, social networks, media, culture, income, occupation or eduction

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5
Q

example of subjective view on health and wellbeing

A

an elite sportsperson may view optimal health and wellbeing as ability to train at high capacity, high levels of fitness and ability to compete at a higher level

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6
Q

illness

A

a subjective concept related to a personal experience of a disease or injury

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7
Q

disease

A

a physical or natural disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

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8
Q

scale of disease and illness

A
  • severe illness all the way to optimal health and wellbeing

- this is called a continuum

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9
Q

dimensions of health and wellbeing

A
  • physical
  • social
  • emotional
  • mental
  • spiritual
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10
Q

physical health and wellbeing

A

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the capacity to physically perform daily tasks and activities. Physical health is supported by factors such as regular sleep pattern, activity schedule, consuming a balanced diet, having an ideal body weight and the absence of illness, disease or injury

  • sleep pattern, activity schedule, consuming a balanced diet –> all factors which PROMOTE not DIRECT characteristics
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11
Q

physical health and wellbeing - characteristics

A
  • strong immune system
  • freedom from disease, illness and injury
  • appropriate levels of fitness
  • adequate energy levels
  • well functioning body, systems and organs
  • health body weight
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12
Q

social health and wellbeing

A

relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. It includes the level of support provided by family and within a community to ensure every person has equal opportunity to function as a contributing member of society. This is supported by a sense of personal accountability, strong communication skills and empathy for others

  • the quality of relationships is a key factor
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13
Q

social health and wellbeing - characteristics

A
  • supportive network of friends
  • well functioning and supportive family
  • ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
  • effective communication
  • productive relationships with other people
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14
Q

emotional health and wellbeing

A

emotional health and wellbeing relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. It is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience. Emotional health and wellbeing is the degree to which an individual feels emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life

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15
Q

resillience

A
  • the ability to deal with adverse or negative events and the associated emotions
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16
Q

emotional health and wellbeing - characteristics

A
  • high levels of resilience
  • recognise and understand a range of emotions
  • effectively respond to and manage a range of emotions
  • experience appropriate emotions
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17
Q

mental health and wellbeing

A

the current state of the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information. A naturally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic. It is about the wellness of the mind rather than illness and is associated with low levels of stress and anxiety, positive self esteem and a sense of confidence and optimism

  • self-esteem –> how people feel about themselves
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18
Q

mental health and wellbeing - characteristics

A
  • high levels of confidence
  • process information to solve problems
  • positive self esteem
  • positive thought patterns
  • low levels of stress and creativity
  • use logic and reasoning to form opinions and make decisions
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19
Q

spiritual health and wellbeing

A

it is not material in nature but relates to the ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and the conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on a persons’ place in the world.
- can be highly individualised

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20
Q

spiritual health and wellbeing - characteristics

A
  • a sense of connection and belonging in the world
  • positive meaning and purpose in life
  • acting according to values and beliefs
  • peace and harmony
  • developed personal values and beliefs
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21
Q

interrelationships

A

overall health and wellbeing is determined by levels of health and wellbeing in the five dimensions

  • the factors affect each other e.g. social > physical
  • dimension 1 > dimension 2 > dimension 1
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22
Q

optimal health and wellbeing for individuals

A
  • reduces healthcare costs
  • exercise
  • earn an income
  • live independently
  • sleep well
  • can live free from pain
  • reduces risk of illness and premature death
  • work productivity
  • gain an education
  • spend time with friends
  • work towards their main purpose in life
23
Q

optimal health and wellbeing nationally

A
  • health system savings
  • favour people relying on social security
  • increased productivity
  • higher average income
  • reduced stress and anxiety in the community
  • increased social participation
24
Q

optimal health and wellbeing globally

A
  • reduces risk of disease transmission between countries (communicable)
  • assists in promoting peace and stability
  • promotes social development
  • promotes sustainability
  • promotes essential development
25
Q

prerequisites

A 
peace
shelter
eduction
food
income
stable ecosystem
sustainable resources
social justice
equity
26
Q

peace

A

absence of conflict

  • when a community has peace there is a decreased risk of premature death, serious injury, disability and other adverse effects associated with conflict
  • people have the freedom to move around and go about their daily activities
  • allows people to pursue their purpose in life
  • allows for further infrastructure development
27
Q

shelter

A

providing protection from the outside environment

  • protection from the elements and can prevent injury and promote adequate sleep
  • increased privacy, safety and security
  • reduced risk of disease
  • reduces stress and anxiety
  • ability to focus on employment or eduction
28
Q

education

A
  • empowers individuals to learn and increases their ability to get an income
  • allows for greater access to resources required to experience high levels of health and wellbeing
  • key requirement for obtaining meaningful and well-paid employment
  • promotes positive mental health especially in women
  • promotes literacy (ability to read and write) and this allows for better communication which promotes positive behaviours
29
Q

food

A
  • adequate food intake = the state in which all persons obtain adequate nutrition
  • with food security individuals spend less time looking for food
  • promotes adequate energy and allows individuals to work more and contribute to the economy
  • undernutrition contributes to a range of physical and mental problems
  • lead to an increase in intelligence where people understand why nutrition is important
  • allows the immune system to function optimally
  • reduces the risk of foodborne disease transmission
30
Q

income

A
  • increases the ability of individuals to afford healthcare, recreation, transport and eduction
  • allows the government to provide more social services and infrastructure
  • people can afford to socialise more
  • government can invest in recreation facilities and justice
31
Q

stable ecosystem

A

ecosystem = a community consisting of all living and non-living components in a specific area

  • plants and animals are used for food, provide energy and promote physical health and wellbeing
  • predictable weather allow for more effective and efficient functioning
  • shelters are made from natural materials
  • natural environments are used as a source of relaxation and contribute to spiritual health and wellbeing
  • many natural substances are used in medicine
32
Q

sustainable resources

A

sustainability = meeting current needs without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

  • energy production should be sustainable -> allow future generations to access transport, electricity, heating and cooling (this enhances productivity)
  • sustainable land and water ensure a reliable supply
  • sustainable fisheries need to be used as current populations are declining
  • farms provide natural resources such as fibres
33
Q

social justice

A
  • common underlying theme is that there is equal rights for all regardless of personal characteristics
  • includes economic justice (ability for all to earn a decent wage and build wealth)
  • just security includes: social security, shelter, food and water, equal opportunity, equal access to essential services, equal rights, healthcare, recreation and leisure, meaningful eduction and fair pay
34
Q

equity

A
  • a concept relating to fairness and social justice but focuses on disadvantaged groups
  • this means disadvantaged groups are targeted to improve their quality of life and achieve a minimum standard of living
  • emphasises fairness in relation to an acceptable quality and standard of living
  • it promotes health and wellbeing by ensuring access to eduction, employment, human rights and healthcare
  • extends to sustainability and social justice
35
Q

health status

A

generally measured by health indicators (standard statistics used to measure and compare health status)

36
Q

self assessed health status

A
  • an individuals own opinion about how they feel about their health, state of mindd and life in general
  • data is collected with population surveys
  • this is subjective and provides a broad picture of how different groups in the population are feeling about their health
37
Q

factors of self assessment

A 
illness
energy levels
presence or absence of disease
social connections
mental state
thought patterns
state of belonging
resilience levels
38
Q

life expectancy

A
  • defined as the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change
  • e.g. a male aged 60 in 2017 can expect to live 83.8 years
  • it is useful for comparing different countries and population groups to identify areas for potential improvements
39
Q

health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A
  • the average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health OR time lived without consequences of disease
  • e.g. the average male born in 2016 can expect to live 80.5 years of age but will spend 8.7 years of life with ill health and therfore their health adjusted life expectancy is 71.8 years
40
Q

mortality

A

the number of deaths in a given period of time (usually 12 months)

  • mortality rate = number of deaths expressed per 1000 or 100,000 people in a 12 month period
  • trends can be identified to allow the government to develop strategies and support
  • leading causes of death can be identified over the time periods can can be compared to find trends
41
Q

age-standardised death rate

A
  • allows for comparisons of population with different spreads of ages // it makes the age groups of different populations relative so they can be compared
42
Q

other measures of mortality

A
  • infant mortality rate
  • maternal mortality rate
  • under 5 mortality rate
43
Q

infant mortality rate

A
  • indicates general health and wellbeing of a population and the social and economic resources available
  • infants often rely on their environment and available resources to meet their needs as they have relatively underdeveloped immune systems
44
Q

under 5 mortality rate

A
  • decreased over time in Australia and is low compared to other countries
  • contributing factors include: awareness of risk and injury / childhood vaccination programs / improved health services and knowledge
  • lower socioeconomic and indigenous populations have a higher rate than the rest of Australia
45
Q

maternal mortality

A
  • the deaths of mothers as a result of pregnancy or childbirth up to six weeks after delivery
  • maternal mortality rate is expressed per 100,000 women who give birth
  • indigenous mothers have a higher maternal mortality rate
  • factors which contribute to this include: tech development, improvements in identification and reporting of maternal deaths, increasing roles of obesity
46
Q

morbidity

A

ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population

  • essentially a measure of how many people suffer from a particular condition in a given amount of time
  • can be expressed with prevelance and BOD
47
Q

prevelance

A

the number or proportion of cases present in a population at a given time

  • made up of incidence and cured / dead people
  • as the mortality rates have fallen morbidity rates have risen as people are living longer and there is more time for a condition to affect them
48
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases of a particular disease during a specified time (usually 12 months)

49
Q

morbidity requiring care

A
  • illnesses and disabilities vary in severity and many people require professional care in order to improve health and wellbeing
  • data from doctors and health practitioners can be used to make judgements about health status
  • Hospitals: care for chronic conditions and emergency cases
50
Q

burden of disease

A

this takes into account both mortality and morbidity and provides a way of examining the burden a condition places on society
- shown by DALY

51
Q

years of life lost

A

= life expectancy - age person dies from disease

= YLL

52
Q

years of life lost due to disability

A

= age person dies from disease - age diagnosed

53
Q

DALY

A
  • DALY (disability adjusted life year) = 1 DALY = one year of life lost due to premature death or healthy life years lost due to disability [this is made up of years of life lost and years of life lost due to disability]
54
Q

life expectancy

A

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change

VCE Health & Human Development (5 decks)

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