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GENV > GENV midterm > Flashcards

GENV midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Human geography

A

the study of the spatial and material characteristics of human-made places and people

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2
Q

causes and spread of cholera

A

lack of clean water; contaminated water pump in London’s soho district (discovered in 1954); still a threat in urban slums; 2016 in Yemen and 2010 in Haiti

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3
Q

physical geography

A

the study of spatial and material characteristics of the physical environment

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4
Q

location (plus types)

A

geographical position of people and things on earth’s surface

absolute (coordinate system; precise plotting) AND
situation/relative (change over time; describe the location of a place in relation to other human and physical features)

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5
Q

human-environment interactions

A

understanding the reciprocal relationship between humans and the physical world

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6
Q

anthropocene

A

current geographical/geological era; for the first time, humans are the affecting factor (anthro-)

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7
Q

region

A

an area of earth with a degree of similarity that differentiates it from surrounding areas

understanding the regional geography of a place allows us to make sense of much of the information we have about places

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8
Q

formal; functional; perceptual regions

A

formal: shared cultural or physical trait
functional: defined by a particular set of activities or interactions that occur within in (eg. delivery area, industrial park); have nodes; also share a political, social, or economic purpose
perceptual: intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography (eg. US south)

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9
Q

place

A

in geography, the uniqueness of location

also, a location created by human experiences

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10
Q

sense of place

A

infusing a place with meaning and emotion that in turn fosters authentic human attachment

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11
Q

movement

A

the mobility of people, goods, and ideas

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12
Q

time-distance decay

A

the farther a place is from a hearth, the less likely an innovation will spread there and be adopted the acceptance of an innovation becomes less likely the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters (Hagerstrand)

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13
Q

expansion diffusion

A

an innovation or idea that develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward (eg. apple product)

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14
Q

cultural landscape

A

visible imprint of human activity on the land; can provide insights on the practices and priorities of those who have shaped the evolution of the landscape

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15
Q

scale

A

(1) the distance on a map compared to the distance on earth, (2) the spatial extent of something

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16
Q

jumping scale context

A

involving players at other scales (eg. Wet’suwet’en blockade -> national solidarity blockades)

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17
Q

reference maps

A

show locations of places and geographic features

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18
Q

thematic maps

A

tell stories; typically showing the spatial distribution or movement of people and things

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19
Q

mental maps

A

maps in our minds of places we have been and places we have merely heard of

include terra incognita (unknown lands that are sometimes off-limits)

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20
Q

location theory

A

an element of contemporary human geography that seeks answers to a wide range of questions, both theoretical and practical

eg. location of cities, new whole food, wildlife refuges

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21
Q

environmental determinism

A

individual and collective human behaviours fundamentally affect by, or even controlled by, the physical environment; PSEUDOSCIENCE

used as an excuse for domination during colonial times; european superiority

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22
Q

two overlapping fields within human geography that focus on how and why humans have altered their environment and the sustainability of their practices

A

cultural and political ecology

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23
Q

cultural ecology

A

concerned with culture as system of adaptation to and alteration of the environment

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24
Q

political ecology

A

fundamentally concerned with the environment consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and assumptions

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25
Q

why isn’t environmental determinism correct

A

human societies are diverse and the human will is too powerful to be determined by the environment

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26
Q

environmental racism

A

some populations have less autonomy over their environment

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27
Q

Welinsky

A

cultural geographer who identified 12 perceptual regions on a series of maps in “NA’s vernacular regions”

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28
Q

perceptions of places

A

understanding of places we’ve never been (eg. KArst regions of SE asia)

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29
Q

diffusion

A

the spread of an idea, innovation, or technology from its hearth to their people and places

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30
Q

hearth

A

origin

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31
Q

contagious diffusion

A

diffusion that occurs primarily as a result of person-to-person contact (i.e., disease)

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32
Q

hierarchical diffusion

A

starts with the knowers, those who have already accepted the idea or innovation, and then diffuses through a hierarchy of most linked people or places (eg. Under armour at the U of Maryland sports teams)

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33
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

the process of diffusion where two cultural traits blend to create a distinct trait (eg. McD’s adapting its menu in india)

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34
Q

relocation diffusion

A

occurs when people move from one place to another, taking ideas or traits with them (Eg. Chinatowns)

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35
Q

cartography

A

the art and science of making maps

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36
Q

activity spaces

A

places we move through routinely

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37
Q

(arithmetic) population density

A

a measure of total population to land size

can be misleading because it assumes an even distribution of population to land

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38
Q

physiologic population density

A

relates total pop of a country to the area of arable (farmable) land

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39
Q

population distribution (three global clusters)

A

the description of the spatial arrangement of people, including where large numbers of people live closely together (clustering) and where few people live (dispersed)

europe, south asia, east asia

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40
Q

Malthusian perspective on population

A

argued that pop (exponential) was increasing faster than food supply (linear/arithmetic)

believed nature would re-establish balance (dramatic event)

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41
Q

dense populations

A

5000 people per km; need to use vertical space

eg. Japanese lumber yards

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42
Q

demographic transition model

A

a model suggesting that a country’s birth and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development; based on population change in western Europe after the industrial Revolution (not generalizable)

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43
Q

stages of demographic transition model

A

stage 1: low growth (high birth rate and high death rate)

stage 2: increasing growth (decoupling of death and birth rate; death rate decrease while birth rate stays high and stationary)

stage 3: population explosion (death rate plummets further)

stage 4: decreasing growth (decreasing birth rate; death rate stabilizes); maybe from intro of contraception

stage 5: declining population (birth rate continues to decrease; death rate is largely static)

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44
Q

megalopolis

A

huge urban agglomerations; The cities of megalopolis account for more than 20 percent of the U.S. population (eg. NYC)

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45
Q

natural increase rate

A

natural increase rate = births - deaths (in a population)

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46
Q

relationship

between literacy rates, contraceptive prevalence, and population growth rates by State in India

A

pop growth highest in Bihar and Eastern Bengal (2001-2011)

high birth rate correlates with low contraceptive prevalence and low literacy rate

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47
Q

population pyramids

A

demographic cohorts on vertical axis; sex on each side; x-axis is % of population

allow for population projections

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48
Q

life expectancy

A

number of years, on average, someone may expect to remain alive

high -> population rectangle instead of pyramid

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49
Q

epidemiological transition

A

changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death

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50
Q

health of women and children as key indices

A

fertility rate: number of births in reproductive years (positively correlated with illiteracy in South Asia)

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51
Q

chronic disease

A

long-term maladies/illnesses of often older populations; reflects higher life expectancies

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52
Q

population policies (expansive, eugenic, restrictive)

A

expansive: designed to encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase
eugenic: designed to favour the racial or cultural sector of the majority of the population over others
restrictive: designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

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53
Q

demographic transition model (need to sketch and label)

A

a model suggesting that a country’s birth and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development; based on population change in western Europe after the industrial Revolution (not generalizable)

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54
Q

contraceptive prevalence rate

A

percentage of women 15-49 who are suing or whose partner is using at least one contraceptive method (Corresponds to low birth rate)

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55
Q

Japan: bungled policymaking in the context fo declining fertility

A

birth rate started declining before China; encouraging women to have more kids; women in Japan are world-breakers in childcare and other domestic tasks (burdened)

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56
Q

cyclic movement

A

leaving home for a defined amount of time and returning home

eg. commuting, snowbirds, pastoralism, transhumance

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57
Q

commuting

A

journey from home to work and home again

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58
Q

snowbirds

A

seasonal movement to warm climates in the winter months

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59
Q

transhumance (type of periodic movement)

A

the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer

60
Q

migration

A

movement from a home location to a new place with an intent to stay in the new place permanently

61
Q

geographies of overseas Chinese (in Singapore, etc)

A

late 1800s and early 1900s
millions of chinese labourers fled famine and political strife in Southern China to work as contract labourers in Southeast Asia

many remained and toady their descendant constitute a substantial Chinese minority (or majority) in Southeast Asian countries (eg. singapore)

62
Q

Fredy Mercury; Farrokh Bulsara

A

Persia -> South Asia (flee in 640s)

Gujarat (British India) -> Zanzibar (work; 1930s)

Zanzibar -> Middlesex (revolution; 1964)

63
Q

remittances

A

Monies migrants send home

64
Q

guest workers

A

Western European governments called the labor migrants guest workers—a term that is now used to describe migrant labor in other places as well.

65
Q

geographies of overseas Chinese (in Singapore, etc)

A

late 1800s and early 1900s
millions of chinese labourers fled famine and political strife in Southern China to work as contract labourers in Southeast Asia

many remained and toady their descendant constitute a substantial Chinese minority (or majority) in Southeast Asian countries (eg. 77% in singapore; can be seen in food, architecture, language)

66
Q

immigration to Canada

A

top sources of permanent residents admitted in 2018

- India (22%)
- Philippines (11%)
- China (9%)
- Syria (4%)
- Nigeria (3%)
- USA (3%)
- Pakistan (3%)
- France (2%)
- Eritrea (2%)
- UK; Overseas territories (2%)
- all other source countries (39%)

NB - China

remittances
- most to Phillippines (in-home care)

interprovincial

- 18-30 move the most
 - most mobile
67
Q

glocilization

A

localization of global taste

eg. mcdonalds or halal ramen

68
Q

hurricane Katrina (2005)

A

acute migration

post katrina diaspora: displaced over 1 million Louisiana residents; an estimated 277 000 did not come back to resettle

69
Q

refugee

A

a person who has a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

international law protects refugees because of threats to their basic human rights from their government

70
Q

asylum seeker

A

people who has left their home country where they are experiencing persecution and human rights violations and are seeking protection in another country, but they have not been legally recognized as refugees

71
Q

eight major routes of human migration between 1500-1950

A

(1) Europeans moving to North America during and after the colonial period (2) Movement of southern Europeans to South and Central America during the colonial period (3) Movement of British and Irish to Africa and Australia during the colonial period (4) Africans transported to the Western Hemisphere as slaves (5) Indians brought to other British colonies to serve administrative and commercial roles (6) Chinese migrants to Southeast Asia and the Americas in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (7) Westward migration in the United States (8) Eastward migration of Russians across Siberia and into Central Asia.

72
Q

Internally displaced peoples (IDPs)

A

people who must leave their homes but remain in their own countries

73
Q

distribution of refugees

A

2018, most created due to wars in syria (6.3 mil), afghanistan (2.6mil) and south sudan (2.4 mil)

countries that received the most: turkey (3.5), Pakistan (1.4), and Uganda (1.4)

Lebanon hosted the largest number of refugees in relation to its national population, with 178 refugees per 1000 inhabitants (1 in 5) -> then Jordan and Chad

74
Q

culture

A

a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people

75
Q

group of people can be recognized as a culture in two ways

A

(1) they may call themselves a culture, (2) other people (including academics) can label them as a culture

76
Q

example of popular culture

A

fashion (basketball & sneakers & hip hip); example of hierarchical diffusion

77
Q

placelessness

A

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next (Relph)

78
Q

example of sustaining local culture

A

Sackville fall fair; reproduce local cultural practices

Indigenous culture; water protection

79
Q

cause of worldwide convergence of cultural landscapes

A

globalization and widespread diffusion of pop culture

80
Q

three developments at the heart of convergence of cultural landscapes

A

(1) architectural forms and planning ideas have diffused around the world, (2) individual businesses and products have become so widespread that they now leave distinctive landscape stamp on far-flung places, (3) the whole scale borrowing of idealized landscape images has promoted a blurring of place distinctiveness

81
Q

folk culture

A

small, incorporates a homogeneous population, is typically rural, and is cohesive in cultural traits

82
Q

popular culture

A

large, incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits

83
Q

cultural hearth

A

an area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse

84
Q

time-space compression

A

certain places, such as global cities (especially in the core), are more interconnected than ever through communication and transportation networks, even as other places, such as those in the periphery, are farther removed

85
Q

hutterites

A

Anabaptists (who broke of from catholocism) migrated to NA in the second half of the 1800s; live communally

rural, local culture

ruralness allowed distance from cultural hearths and pop culture

86
Q

ethnic neighbourhoods

A

Some local cultures have successfully built a world apart, a place to practice their customs, within a major city

87
Q

cultural appropriation

A

the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit

88
Q

Sackville’s situation in independent music touring geographies

A

bands from urban areas and towards the east coast; east coast urban areas are hot spot for touring

89
Q

assumptions underlying cultural industries as an overlooked driver of regional development

A

(1) urban, (2) place-bound

90
Q

average income of Canadian musicians

A

$16 500

91
Q

segmented rock n’roll economy

A

triangle (population)

upside down triangle (income)

top = professional

bottom = amateur

92
Q

musician’s geographies of opportunities: access to…

A

home: other artists, associates, fans, family/friends, secondary employment
touring: new fans, new scenes, new markets

93
Q

musician’s geographies of opportunities: drawbacks

A

home: market saturation
touring: travel costs, uncertainty

94
Q

external economies

A

don’t just benefit one musician, but benefit all musicians (eg. having lots of venues, pool of talent)

place-bound and immobile

95
Q

mobile external economies

A

external economies that are not place-bound; music industry (touring)

96
Q

time-space compression

A

certain places, such as global cities (especially in the core), are more interconnected than ever through communication and transportation networks, even as other places, such as those in the periphery, are farther removed

97
Q

artistic procarian

A

take a vow of poverty to be a musician

98
Q

commodification

A

The process through which something (a name, a good, an idea, or even a person) that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought, sold, and traded in the world market

99
Q

authenticity

A

In the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs.

When local cultures or customs are commodified, usually one image or experience is typecast as the “authentic” image or experience of that culture

100
Q

Irish pub company

A

declining sales of Guinness in Ireland and UK led to globalization plan; partnership between Irish Pub Company and Guinness; design, build, and ship Irish Pubs globally (commodified Irish pub culture)

101
Q

Las Vegas as a place

A

interestingly, Las Vegas built placeness by commodifying other cultures; the sheer magnitude and breadth of the commodification led to the uniqueness of Las Vegas

borrowing of landscape

102
Q

reterritorialization of culture

A

a process in which people start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, in the context of their local culture and place and making it their own

103
Q

commodification

A

The process through which something (a name, a good, an idea, or even a person) that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought, sold, and traded in the world market

usually freezes the local customs in time and place for consumption

104
Q

hearths of hip-hop

A

inner cities of New York and LA during the 1980s and 1990s

Compton, Bronx, Harlem

105
Q

reterritorialization of hip-hop

A

diffused abroad, especially to major cities in Europe

adapted it to connect to the young populations in those places

As hip-hop diffused throughout Europe, it mixed with existing local cultures, experiences, and places, reterritorializing the music to each locale.

eg. Europe, Indonesia immigrants in France

106
Q

identity

A

Rose: how we make sense of ourselves

constructed through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections

107
Q

gender

A

“a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters’, the roles they play in society, what they represent” (Domosh & Seager)

108
Q

race

A

according to society, race is a combo of physical attributes in a population (skin, eye, hair colour)

better understood as social constructions of differences among people based on skin colour

109
Q

counting women’s work

A

only formal economy counted in GNI

canadian informal economy is about 15%

women are increasingly entering the formal economy but are still paid less and have less access to food and education than men in nearly all cultures and places around the world

110
Q

idea of ethnicity

A

Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by com- mon ancestry and culture.

stems from notion that people are bounded or related in a certain place over time

greatly affected by scale and place

eg. people from Carribean island (not same race, but seen as one ethnicity) ?

111
Q

cultural groups often invoke _____ when race cannot explain differences and antagonism between groups

A

ethnicity

112
Q

space is ______ and place as ______

A

space: “social relations stretched out”
place: “particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location”
eg. Chinatowns

113
Q

structures of power

A

assumptions and relationship dictating who is in control and who has power over others

114
Q

residential segregation in US cities

A

the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment

???

115
Q

neighborhood succession

A

New immigrants to a city often move to low-income areas that are being gradually abandoned by older immigrant groups

116
Q

language

A

a set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication

integral part of culture

117
Q

language and cultural identity

A

language reflects where a culture has been, what it values, and how people within the culture think, describe and experience events

language helps cement cultural identity (how we make sense of ourselves)

118
Q

standardized langauge

A

one that is published, widely distributed, and purposely taught

govt can help sustain a standard language by making it official and requiring literacy in the language for govt jobs

choice of standard language has to do with influence and power; one country may have several dialects, and the standard one usually reflects who had power when the standard language was chose (eg. florence/ tuscany in Italy)

119
Q

keigo

A

standard Japanese dialect

120
Q

dialects

A

variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines

differences in vocab, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace of speech

121
Q

Kansai-ben

A

dialect spoken in osaka, kyoto, kobe

122
Q

vertical intra-cultural communication in Japan

A

within group hierarchies (e.g., family, sports club, business organization)

123
Q

bukatsudo

A

club activity (has formalized hierarchy)

senpai (senior)

kohai (bottom of hierarchy)

language facilitates and maintains hierarchy

Senjusangendo archery contest in Kyoto

124
Q

language families

A

multiple languages that have a shared but fairly distant origin

broken further into language subfamilies which are divisions within a language family that have more definitive commonalities and more recent common origins

125
Q

indo-european language tree

A

began around black sea and gradually spread through Europe and from Europe to the Americas and so on

126
Q

theories about the hearth and spread of indo-european languages

A

(1) conquest theory: early speakers spread from the hearth into europe on horseback overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion differentiation of indo-european languages
(2) agricultural theory: proposes that they diffused westward through europe with the diffusion of agriculture

127
Q

languages in sub-saharan Africa

A

dominant: niger-congo language family
oldest: khosian languages (include a “click” sound)

128
Q

Nigerian language policy case study

A

190 mil people speak over 500 different languages

predominant: hausa in the north, yoruba in the southwest, and ibo in the southeast

when nigeria gained independent in 1962, it adopted english as the “official” language, as the three major regional languages are to politically charged and thus unsuitable as national langauges

129
Q

lingua franca

A

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce

can be single language or mixture

eg. Swahili in east africa

130
Q

pidgin language

A

When people speaking two or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary

131
Q

creole language

A

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people

132
Q

toponyms

A

place-names

133
Q

language used on the internet

A

over 50% english

134
Q

internet users

A

only about 25% english speakers

135
Q

mutual intelligibility

A

means that two people can understand each other when speaking

almost impossible to measure

don’t need to be the same language (eg. spanish and portugese)

136
Q

dialect chains

A

dialects closest to each other geographically will be the most similar

137
Q

isogloss

A

geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

138
Q

dialects of mandarin and Southern Chinese

A

Mandarin: northern, eastern, southwestern

Southern Chinese: gen, hakka, min, Wu, xiang, Yue

139
Q

five major bang or dialect groups (Chinese in Singapore)

A

Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakkam, Hylam (Hainanese)

contemporary (intergenerational) tensions between Nadarin and the dialects

140
Q

language in singapore

A

Mandarin mainstreaming measures from the 1970s as part of nation building, but by 1990s succeeded by English as lingua franca

141
Q

manzai

A

comedy; manifestation of langauge in culture

two speakers, often elaborate sets

emerged out of merchant history of Osaka

142
Q

osaka

A

region known for commerce (home of Manzai comedy?)

143
Q

Yoshimoto Kogyo

A

traditional theatre and company with a lock on japanese comepy

144
Q

language subfamilies in europe

A

(1) romance language: latin connections
(2) germanic language: reflect expansion of peoples out of northern europe to the west and south
(3) slavic languages

145
Q

postcolonial toponyms

A

The question of changing toponyms often arises when power changes hands in a place

Newly independent countries also changed the names of cities, towns, and geographic features to reflect their independence

eg. Bombay -> Mumbai

146
Q

disputed toponyms

A

eg. Falkland islands according to British & Us, Malvinas according to Argentineans

147
Q

commodification of toponyms

A

buying, selling, and trading toponyms; growing practice

GENV (2 decks)

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