Genitourinary Cancer Flashcards
What are the histological subtypes of testicular cancers?
Non-germ cell
- leydig cell tumours
- sarcomas
Germ cell tumours
- Seminoma
- Non-seminoma (yolk sac, teratoma, choriocarcinoma)
Which is the most common type of testicular cancer?
Yolk sac ( a non-seminoma germ cell tumour)
What are some tumour markers for testicular cancer? Which types would they be raised in?
b-HCG: seminoma and teratoma (non-seminoma)
AFP: yolk sac (non-seminoma)
Aside from a testicular lump, how might a seminoma present and why?
Back pain due to metastasis to the para-aortic nodes
What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?
Infertility Cryptorchidism Mumps Kleinfelters Family history
How does a testicular cancer present?
Painless lump
Hydrocele
Lack of sensation
Gynaecomastic is b-HCG secreting tumours
What imaging is used in testicular cancer?
USS - !!BILATERAL!!
How is testicular cancer managed?
radical orchidectomy
prosthesis
sterm storage
What is the most common histological subtype of bladder cancer?
urothelial carcinoma aka transitional cell
What are the risk factors for developing bladder cancer?
Smoking Dye industry Pelvic radiation (prostate cancer management)
How does bladder cancer present?
Painless macroscopic haematuria
Dysuria
LUTs
How is bladder cancer investigated?
cystoscopy and biopsy
How is bladder cancer managed?
superficial: TURBT
other: intravesicle chemotherapy, cystectomy with ileal conduit
What are the 2ww criteria for bladder cancer?
> 45 with visible haematuria (after any UTI has been treated)
>60 with non-visible haematuria AND dysuria or raised WCC
Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer in the UK. Where is it not and what type is?
Where schistosomiasis is prevalent squamous cell carcinomas are the most common
