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Chemistry > C2.2 Bonding > Flashcards

C2.2 Bonding Flashcards

1
Q

Metal properties

A
  • Shiny
  • usually high mpt & bpt
  • solid @ room temp
  • malleable - bend without shattering
  • ductile - can be pulled into wires
  • good thermal and electrical conductors
  • metals lose electrons to form positive ions
  • metals don’t react together, instead they mix to form alloys
  • if dissolved in water metal oxides produce alkaline solutions
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2
Q

Non - metal properties

A
  • dull
  • usually low mpt & bpt
  • approx half solid & half gas a@ room temp
  • brittle - shatter when hammered
  • non-ductile - snap when pulled
  • poor conductors - they are insulators
  • non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions
  • non-metals react with each other to produce compounds that consist of molecules
  • if dissolved in water non-metal oxides produce acidic solutions
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3
Q

periodic table periods

A

go horizontal, as you go along the atomic number of each element increases by 1 . TMT number of electrons in each atom also increases by 1 each time

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4
Q

periodic table groups

A

elements of the same group have similar properties. This is due to the arrangement of their electrons.

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5
Q

group 1

A
  • alkali metals
  • low density
  • react vigorously with water
  • soft metals, easily cut - shiny when cut
  • reactivity increases down the group
  • low mpt + bpt
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6
Q

group 2

A

produce weakly alkaline solutions when they react with water

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7
Q

group 7

A

Halogens - non-metals - many similar chem properties

  • salts of halogens (AKA halides) commonly found in sea water
  • reactivity decreases down the group
  • mpt, bpt, density, colour intensity increases down the group
  • 7 electrons in outer shell
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8
Q

group 0

A

noble gases - inert / unreactive gases

  • colourless
  • very stable
  • full outer shell
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9
Q

transition metals

A
  • shiny hard metals - except mercury (liquid at room temp)

- usually produce brightly coloured compounds

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10
Q

how are elements arranged in the periodic table?

A

increasing atomic number across periods

similar reacting elements arranged in groups

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11
Q

what is an alloy?

A

a mixture of two or more metal elements - e.g. steel, brass

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12
Q

what is the mass number?

A

number of protons + neutrons (normally top number / bigger number)

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13
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

number of protons (or electrons) in the atom (normally bottom number / lower number)

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14
Q

which electron shell has the lowest energy level?

A

the shell closest to the nucleus

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15
Q

what is an ion?

A

charged particle

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16
Q

what ions does ionic bonding occur between?

A

metals and non-metals

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17
Q

characteristics of ionic compounds - hhuudd

A
  • high mpt
  • hard but brittle
  • uniform structure
  • unreactive when solid
  • dissolve in water to create solutions
  • don’t conduct elec when solid, but do in solution / molten
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18
Q

what do covalent bonds form between?

A

non-metal atoms - share electrons between atoms

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19
Q

what are simple molecular substances

A

solids, liquids or gases with low mpt & bpt

20
Q

simple covalent bond properties (simple molecular substances

A
  • low mpt & bpt - weak intermolecular forces, break down easily
  • non-conductive - no free electrons/overall electric charge
  • soft and brittle - insoluble in water, soluble in other substance e.g. petrol
  • can be v. reactive - due to size + combination of non-metals
21
Q

covalently bonded molecules all have….

A

v. strong bonds between atoms in molecules - weaker forces between molecules holding them together
- when covalent structure melts/boils, weak intermol forces break NOT strong covalent bonds

22
Q

what are giant covalent structures also refered to as?

A

macromolecules

23
Q

what produces giant covalent structures NOT molecules

A

millions of atoms joining together

24
Q

how are giant covalent structures usually arranged?

A

in giant regular lattices

25
Q

properties of giant covalent structures

A
  • v. strong structures - many bonds
  • bonds are all covalent - v. high mpt + bpt
  • hard but brittle
26
Q

name to allotropes of carbon

A

diamond and graphite

27
Q

what is an allotrope?

A

2 or more diff physical forms in which an element can exist

28
Q

what is graphene?

A

one sheet of graphite

29
Q

what is diamond made up of?

A

its a form of carbon where each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon atoms forming a giant covalent structure

30
Q

diamond properties

A
  • v. hard
  • high mpt
  • doesn’t conduct electricity - no free electrons
  • hardest naturally occurring substance on earth
31
Q

what is graphite made up of?

A

form of carbon where carbon atoms for layers - slide over each other - graphite much softer than diamond

  • carbon atoms each joined to 3 other carbon atoms - strong bonds - makes hexagonal sheets of atoms
  • forms rings of 6 atoms - many layers - strong bonds in hexagons but weak bonds between layers
32
Q

why does graphite conduct electricity?

A
  • free electron from each C atom can move in between layers
33
Q

why can the layers of graphite slide over each other easily?

A

as bonds between layers are weak

34
Q

graphite properties

A
  • v. high mpt - break strong covalent bonds
  • soft - layers
  • conduct electricity
35
Q

what is a fullerene

A

pure carbon molecule composed of at least 60 carbon atoms

36
Q

what is Buckminsterfullerene

A

allotrope of carbon

  • giant molecule NOT giant covalent structure
  • carbon bonds to 3 other C atoms - 1 double bond, 2 single bonds - atoms arranged in 12 pentagons + 20 hexagons - forms ‘Bucky balls’
37
Q

what can fullerenes join together to form?

A

nanotubes - v. strong but light structures

38
Q

what is metallic bonding between?

A

only between metal atoms

39
Q

what is metallic bonding?

A

force of attraction between free delocalised electrons and the metal ions - strong so can keep regular structure, usually have high mpt + bpt

40
Q

are metals malleable?

A

yes - delocalised electrons allow metal atoms to slide past each other without being subjected to strong repulsive forces

41
Q

what is an alloy?

A

a mixture of 2 or more elements - at least one is a metal

42
Q

what is a nanoparticle?

A

1-100nm - usually contain a few hundred atoms - abt 100x bigger than atoms and simple molecules

43
Q

what are polymers typically bonded by?

A

covalent bonds

44
Q

thermosoftening polymers

A

can be hated to soften them then remoulded into new shape that sets when they cool down
- these polymer chains are relatively easy to break

45
Q

thermosetting polymers

A

cant be remoulded, instead they char or burn when heated

- these polymer chains normally joined by strong covalent bonds, cross-linking

Chemistry (9 decks)

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