Cardio 2a flashcards
What are the signs and symptoms of heart failure?
breathlessness, fatigue, cough, ankle swelling
tachycardia, displaces apex, increased JVP
high NTproBNP
What is cardiopathy and the classifications?
chronic disease of the primary heart muscle
hypertrophic
dilated
arrhythmogenic
How are the symptoms pericarditis?
chest pain - severe, central, pleuritic, squeezing, relieved by sitting forward
What are the tests for pericarditis?
ausculatation - friction rub heart sound
ECG - PR depression, saddle ST elevation
What is WPW?
prescence of a congenital accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles
How would you detect WPW?
tachycardic
ECG - delta waves, short PR, QRS prolongation
ST elevation on which leads show which type of STEMI?
anterior - v3-v6
lateral - I, VL, V5-V6
inferior - II, III, aVF
How would you treat pericarditis?
sedetary activity
NSAIDs and aspirin
cochicine
What is the tetralogy of fallot?
congenital cardiac malformation
- pulmonary stenosis
- over-riding aorta
- right ventricular hypertrophy
- VSD
What are the structural heart defects that cause cyanosis?
tetralogy of fallot stenosis of RV eisenmenger's syndrome patent ductus arteriosis pulmonary stenosis
How do atheroscelorotic lesions develop?
damaged endothelial cells have higher cell adhesion for monocytes, increased permeability and thrombogenicity
this allows inflammatory cells and lipis to enter the intima
How would you diagnose a valvular heart disease?
echo
ECG, CXR
What are the effects of endocarditis?
localised problems e.g. HF
shedding of emboli from vegetations
immune complex formation
How would you treat an MI?
MONA - morphine, oxygen, nitrate, aspirin
PCI/CABG
What are foam cells?
macrophages that have phagocytosed oxidised lipoproteins
seen in atherosclerosis
What are the guidelines for hypertension treatment?
<55/DM - Ace-i
>55/black - calcium channel blocker
both A & C
A & C & thiazide
What are the 4 most common types of valvular heart disease?
aortic stenosis and regurgitation
mitral stenosis and regurgitation
What are the risk factors of PVD?
smoking
hypertension
hypercholesterolaemia