Haematology 2 Flashcards
What are leukocytes?
The different types of white blood cells (leukocytes) include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
What do leukocytes use blood as?
Transport system
When is production/ release of leukocytes stimulated by?
inflammatory cytokines from injured/infected areas
Name the 5 major leukocytes and what mostly involved in
– Neutrophil - innate immunity, phagocytosis of microorganisms
– Monocyte - same as above
– Lymphocyte - adaptive immunity
– Eosinophil - defense against parasites; allergy
– Basophil- same as above
What are granulocytes?
Type of WBC also known as polymorphonuclear - have granules and polylobed nuclei - neutrophil - eosinophil - basophil
How to tlel diff between dog and cat leukocytes
only significant morphological difference between dogs and cats is the appearance of granules in eosinophils (round in dogs, rod-shaped in cats) and basophils (subtle and few in dogs, more numerous rice-shaped and lavender looking in cats).
What is monocytosis?
- inc in monocytes, above upper reference limit
Causes of monocytosis
(monocyte count above upper reference limit)
- Acute and chronic inflammation/ tissue damage/ necrosis
- stress leucogram or steroid administration
- leukaemia
What is lymphocytosis
- inc lymphocytes above upper reference limit- usually due to chronic inflammation
causes of lymphocytosis
- chronic inflammation
- adrenalin release in cats results in splenic contraction which can inc circulating lymphocytes (may be 2-3 times URL)
- Leukaemia
Lymphopenia
decrease of lymphocytes. Stress leucogram or steroid drugs. Viral infection (FeLV, FIV, FIP, panleucopenia).
NEutrophilia
• neutrophil excess.
• Usually due to inflammation (chronic or acute).
• Many causes: infection, tissue damage, necrosis. Extreme neutrophilia can be due to severe ongoing inflammation, neoplasia, inability of neutrophils of exit the blood stream (leucocyte adhesion deficiency).
• Neutrophilic leukaemia (chronic myeloid leukaemia) is rare in animals and a diagnosis of exclusion.
• Banded neutrophils (immature) acute inflammation
• Stress leucogram (stress or steroid administration e.g. cortisol) in this case particularly combined with lymphopenia, monocytosis and eosinopenia. Neutrophilia not due to increase in production but due to getting rid of.
• Other granulocytic leukaemia, neutrophil dysfunction
o Neutrophil cant exit blood and go into tissue. Neutrophil is really high but doesn’t fight infection in tissues. V rare and usually these animals don’t reach adulthood.
Neutropenia
neutrophil deficiency. Due to overwhelming tissue demand, reduced bone marrow production or increased destruction (immune-mediated neutropenia). It may be transient so always recheck.
Eosinophilia
- eosinophil XS above the URL
Cause: - Parasite disease, external or internal
- Allergy/ hypersensitivity
- OthersL paraneoplastic, inflammatory disease, rarer causes e.g. leukamia
What is “Left shift”
When the number of juvenile neutrophils (banded) are URL
- usually due to severe acute inflammation
- bacterial infection, immune mediated disease
