contents of the abdomen

Question 1

what are the different quadrants of the abdomen? 4

Answer 1

• right upper quadrant
• right lower quadrant
• left upper quadrant
• left lower quadrant

Question 2

what are the different regions of the abdomen? 9

Answer 2

• right hypochondriac region
• epigastric region
• left hypochondriac region
• right lumbar region
• umbilical region
• left lumbar region
• right inguinal (iliac) region
• hypogastric (pubic) region
• left inguinal (iliac) region

Question 3

what is in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen? 6

Answer 3

• Right lobe of liver
• Gallbladder
• Duodenum
• Head of the pancreas
• Hepatic flexure of colon
• Part of ascending and transverse colon

Question 4

what is in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen? 4

Answer 4

• Cecum
• Appendix
• Ascending colon
• Small intestine

Question 5

what is in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen? 6

Answer 5

• Stomach
• Spleen
• Left lobe of liver
• Body of pancreas
• Splenic flexure of colon
• Part of transverse and descending colon

Question 6

what is in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen? 3

Answer 6

• Small intestine
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon

Question 7

what are the processes in the digestive system? 6

Answer 7

• Ingestion
• Secretion of digestive fluids
• Mixing and propulsion
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Defecation

Question 8

describe the serous layer of the GI tract? 4

Answer 8

• The outer membrane
• Encloses several body cavities
• Secretes a lubricating fluid
• Outer epithelial layer (secretory) and inner layer (connective tissue with vessels)

Question 9

describe the muscular layer of the GI tract? 2

Answer 9

• Longitudinal or circular

- Responsible for the movement of the lumen contents

Question 10

describe the mucosal layer of the GI tract? 4

Answer 10

• Inner layer
• Lines internal organs or cavities exposed to the external environment
• Secrete mucus
• Involved in absorption

Question 11

describe the GI tract divisions? 6

Answer 11

• Oral cavity
• Pharynx
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
• Large intestine (colon

Question 12

describe what is in the oral cavity? 4

Answer 12

• teeth
• palate
• tongue
• salivary glands

Question 13

what are the teeth? 2

Answer 13

• accessory organs

- assist mechanical digestion

Question 14

what is the palate? 2

Answer 14

• roof of mouth

- soft palate blocks the nasal cavity during swallowing

Question 15

what is the tongue? 4

Answer 15

• accessory organ
• taste
• assist mixing
• swallowing

Question 16

what does the pharynx do? 2

Answer 16

• directs food into the oesophagus

- blocks entry into the trachea

Question 17

what is the oesophagus? 5

Answer 17

• Muscular tube
• Posterior to trachea
• Upper edge is the pharynx
• Pierces the diaphragm (T10)
• Opens to the stomach

Question 18

describe the stomach? 6

Answer 18

• Most dilated part of the alimentary canal
• Between the oesophagus and the small intestine
• J-shaped
• Lies under the diaphragm and under the heart
• 2 openings, curvatures, surfaces
• Mechanical (muscle) and chemical (gastric juices) digestion

Question 19

what are some features of the stomach? 6

Answer 19

• Cardial orifice- link to oesophagus
• Pyloric orifice- link to small intestine
• Lesser curvature (superior border)
• Greater curvature (inferior border)
• Pyloric and cardial sphincters
• 3 layers muscles longitudinal, circular, oblique

Question 20

what is the small intestine? 5

Answer 20

• Convoluted tube
• Pylorus of stomach to ileocaecal junction
• 5 metres in length
• Subdivided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum
• where digestion and absorption take place

Question 21

describe the duodenum? 5

Answer 21

• 20-25 cm long
• Retroperitoneal
• C shaped- 4 parts= superior, descending, horizontal, ascending
• Where the duct from the pancreas and gall bladder open (bile and pancreatic juices)
• Ends at the duodenal-jejunal flexure

Question 22

describe the jejunum/ ileum? 3

Answer 22

• At least 3m long from duodenal-jejunal flexure to ileocaecal junction
• Site of absorption
• a large surface area, further increased by circular folds and villi and microvilli, which increase motility as they are only attached at one end, and have one end free to move

Question 23

describe the large intestine? 6

Answer 23

• Terminal division of the GI tract- from end of ileum to anus
• 1.5m length; greater cross section compared to small
• 4 parts (from right to left); ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
• Ascending and descending are retroperitoneal
• Absorption of water from faeces and expelling theses (defecating)
• Rectum/anus contains sphincters which close the outside world except when defecating

Question 24

foregut:

• artery
• vein
• lymphatics
• sympathetic
• parasympathetic

Answer 24

• celiac
• portal
• celiac nodes
• celiac ganglia
• vagus

Question 25

midgut:

• artery
• vein
• lymphatics
• sympathetic
• parasympathetic

Answer 25

• superior mesenteric
• superior mesenteric
• superior mesenteric nodes
• superior mesenteric ganglia
• vagus

Question 26

hindgut:

• artery
• vein
• lymphatics
• sympathetic
• parasympathetic

Answer 26

• inferior mesenteric
• inferior mesenteric
• inferior mesenteric nodes
• inferior mesenteric ganglia
• pelvic splanchnic

Question 27

describe the branches of the superior mesenteric artery? 5

Answer 27

• supplies the distal part of the duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon
• jejunal and ileal branches
• middle colic
• right colic
• ileocaecal

Question 28

describe the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

Answer 28

• distal 1/3 of transverse colon to halfway down the anal canal
• left colic
• sigmoid
• superior rectal

Question 29

describes the lymphatics of the abdomen? 2

Answer 29

• superior mesenteric nodes

- inferior mesenteric nodes

Question 30

describe autonomic innervation of the abdomen? 4

Answer 30

• sympathetic:
• splanchnic nerves
• sympathetic trunk and ganglia
• parasympathetic innervation:
• vagus nerve
• pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-4

Question 31

describe some gut associated glands? 4

Answer 31

• liver
• spleen
• gall bladder
• pancreas