12-vibrio species

Question 1

Vibrio is a ____, ____, ____ bacterium

Answer 1

non spore forming, gram neg and vibrio shaped

Question 2

most illness is caused by which 3 vibrio species

Answer 2

vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholera

Question 3

which species is more waterborne than foodborne?

Answer 3

vibrio cholera

Question 4

vibrio is a predominant bacterial genus in___

Answer 4

estuarine waters

Question 5

vibrio infection is generally associated with _____ consumption

Answer 5

seafood (or contact with seafood)

Question 6

why are there spikes in vibrio infections in the summer?

Answer 6

because vibrio numbers vary by water temp ie. in Canada when the water that oysters are harvested from goes above 17 deg C its

Question 7

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is serotyped based on its

Answer 7

LPS (O), and capsular K antigen

Question 8

Infection of parahaemolyticus is linked to consumption of

Answer 8

raw and undercooked seafood

Question 9

symptoms of v para infection

Answer 9

-4-30 hours after ingestion; diarrhea, ab cramps, nausea, vommitting and fever. symptoms subside after 3-5 days

Question 10

how does vibrio parahaemolyticus work to cause infection

Answer 10

1. single flagellum at one pole of the bacterium is required for swimming motility
2. grow on lateral side of bacterium which aid in the swarming motility
3. MAM7 adhesion protein that binds to fibronectin and phosphatidic acid which is required for the initial attachment to host cells.
4. scavenges iron and then causes haemolysis
5. iron transporters are internalised by diff membrane receptors on the outer membrane of the bacteria and transported to the cytoplasm by diff ABC complexes.

Question 11

vibrio parahaemolyticys produces what 3, haemolytic toxins

Answer 11

1. thermoliable haemolysisn (tlh)
2. thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh)
3. thermostable direct-related haemolysin (trh)

Question 12

The TDH and TRH toxins are secreted from the bacteria and form _____ in the host membrane

Answer 12

form tetrametric pore complexes

Question 13

what is the purpose of the tetrametric pore complexes

Answer 13

allow ions to flow freely across the host membrane which leads to hemolysis or cytotoxicity

Question 14

are translocated into host cells to cause cytoxicity of colon epithelial cells or enterotoxicity within the host

Answer 14

T3SS2 effectors

Question 15

found in all V parahaemolyticus isolates even non pathogenic isolates and translocates into host cells to cause cytoxicity in different cell types such as macrophages and HeLa cells.

Answer 15

T3ss1 effectors

Question 16

T3ss2 is found mainly in _____ and this indicates what

Answer 16

1. clinical isolates

2. tightly tied to a pathogenic lifestyle

Question 17

a petachial rash is a symptom of

Answer 17

vibrio vulnificus

Question 18

T or F: v vulnificus is not serotyped

Answer 18

T

Question 19

what are the 2 distinct v vulnificus syndromes

Answer 19

1. The first is a primary septicaemia caused by consuming raw or undercooked seafood
2. The second is a necrotizing wound infection which results from an open wound being exposed to warm seawater, or contaminated seafood, with high concentrations of V. vulnificus

Question 20

you eat raw oysters and you also had a pretty gnarly cut on your hand when you were preparing your food. 7 hours to several days after exposure, you have symptoms that include fever, chill, nausea and hypotension.

Answer 20

vibrio vulnificus

Question 21

virulence factors of v vulnificus include

Answer 21

k antigen, LPS and vvha (heat stable haemolysin and cytotoxin)

Question 22

related to poor water sanitation systems and malnutrition

Answer 22

vibrio cholerae

Question 23

serotyping of v cholerae is based on

Answer 23

LPS (O) antigen

Question 24

T or F: V cholerae has a viable but not culturable state

Answer 24

True

Question 25

how does infection from cholerae lead to diarrhea

Answer 25

-v cholerae colonizes the small intestine using adherence factors.; it produces the CTX toxins which binds to surface ganglioside receptors.
-CT is internalized by endocytosis and triggers the production of cyclic AMP within the cell.
-cyclic AMP activates specific ion channels within the cell membrane causing an efflux of ions from the cell.
-the build up of ions in the intestinal lumen draws water from cells and tissues via osmosis = diarrhea
which disrupts ion transport, this leads to severe diarrhea

Question 26

ctx is carried on a ____,

Answer 26

pahge therefore only v cholerae which are infected with this phage are able to cause illness in humans.

Question 27

T or F; v parahaemolyticus is known to switch its serotypes mid outbreak

Answer 27

True, V. parahaemolyticus carries the genes for its K and O antigens in two discrete clusters, which can rapidly undergo horizontal gene transfer

Question 28

how can vibrio infection be prevented

Answer 28

• vibrios are sensitive to cold
• heating
• irradiation and hydrostatic pressure
• herbs and species

Question 29

virulence factor is the CTX toxins

Answer 29

cholerae

Question 30

parahaemolyticus has what virulence factors

Answer 30

tdh and trh

Question 31

v vulnificus has what virulence factors

Answer 31

capsule, LPS and vvha