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Ap Psychology > Module: 65 Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Module: 65 Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

*significantly disturbed thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are dysfunctional or maladaptive - interfere with normal day to day life

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2
Q

Maladaptive

A

Behavior that inhibits your ability to adjust

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3
Q

Dysfunctional

A

Not operating normally or properly

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4
Q

Can the definition of “significant disturbance” change over time?

A

Yes - ex. Homosexuality was classified as a psychological disorder but is not anymore

*however, stigma and stresses of the LGBT+ community often experience can increase the risk of mental health problems

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5
Q

Trephining

A

A method of “curing” psychological disorders in the Stone Age by drilling skull holes in an attempt to release evil spirits.

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6
Q

How was mental illness treated during the middle ages?

A

Mental illness was believed to have been induced by the Devil and required harsh cure that would drive out the evil demon

*people considered “mad” were sometimes caged or given “therapies” –> genital mutilation, beating, removal of teeth or lengths of intestines, animal blood transfusions

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7
Q

What is the medical model?

A

The concept that diseases, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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8
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach to understanding mental illness?

A

Biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences together weave the fabric of our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

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9
Q

What are the biological factors that influence mental health?

A
  • evolution
  • individual genes
  • brain structure & chemistry
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10
Q

What are the psychological factors that influence mental health?

A
  • stress
  • trauma
  • learned helplessness
  • mood-related perceptions & memories
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11
Q

What are the social-cultural factors that influence mental health?

A
  • roles
  • expectations
  • definitions of normality and disorder
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12
Q

Vulnerability - stress (or diathesis-stress) model

A

Suggest that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder
*The biopsychosocial approach gave rise to this model

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13
Q

Why do clinicians classify psychological disorders?

A
  • to order and describe symptoms
  • more in depth description of a person’s disordered behavior, thoughts, or feelings
  • suggest appropriate treatment
  • prompt research into causes
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14
Q

DSM-5

A

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
*mental health professionals use the detailed diagnostics criteria to guide diagnosis and treatment

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15
Q

Are some diagnoses controversial?

A

Yes
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder for children who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent episodes of behavior outburst three or more times a week for more than a year

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16
Q

What are some criticism of the DSM-5?

A

Faulted the DSM for casting too wide a net and bringing “almost any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry”

  • wider net will extend the pathologizing of everyday life
  • over-labeling of common everyday feelings and practical responses to traumatic events
17
Q

Benefit of labeling disorders with the DSM-5?

A

Classification aims to predict a disorder’s future course, suggest appropriate treatment, and prompt research into its causes

18
Q

How can diagnostic labels be misleading?

A
  • view person differently after labeling a person
  • labels can change reality by putting us on alert for evidence that confirms our view
  • labels can be self-fulfilling
19
Q

How has broadening the diagnostic criteria of ADHD created a controversy?

A

Critics suggest that the criteria are now too broad and may turn normal, childish rambunctiousness into a disorder
- more diagnoses - medications - money

20
Q

How frequently is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosed?

A
  • twice as often in boys as in girls
  • 11% 4-17 yrs
  • 2.5% adults
21
Q

What are the symptoms of ADHD?

A
  • inattention & distractibility
  • hyperactivity
  • impulsivity
22
Q

What are the arguments regarding the diagnosing of ADHD?

A
  • children are not meant to sit inside for hours in chairs
  • the youngest children in a class tend to be more fidgety and more often diagnosed
  • older students may seek out stimulant ADHA prescription drugs “good grade pills”
  • what are the long-term effects of drug treatment?
  • why the increased diagnoses worldwide?
23
Q

What do the supporters of ADHD Diagnoses say?

A

More diagnoses reflect increased awareness

  • ADHA is a real neurobiological disorder whose existence should no longer be debated
  • ADHA is associated with abnormal brain structure, abnormal brain activity patterns, and future risky or antisocial behavior
24
Q

How can ADHD be treated?

A
  • stimulant medication (ritalin & adderall)
  • behavior theory
  • aerobic exercise
  • ADHA can derail social, academic, and work achievements
  • debate continuous over whether normal high energy is too often diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder & whether there is a cost.t o the long-term use of stimulant drugs in treating ADHA
25
Q

Do disorders increase the risk of violence?

A

No. Most violent criminals are not mentally ill, most mentally ill people are not violent
* few people w/ disorders who commit violent acts tend to be either those who experience threatening delusions and hallucinated voices that command them to act, who have suffered a financial crisis or lost relationship, or who abuse substances

26
Q

What are the top three most prevalent in disorders in America?

A
  1. Depressive Disordes or Bipolar Disorder
  2. Phobia of specific object or situation
  3. Social anxiety disorder
27
Q

How prevalent are disorders across the globe?

A

Based on 90- minute interviews with thousands of people who were representative of their country’s population - estimated the number of prior- year mental disorders in 28 countries

28
Q

What are risk factors for mental illness?

A
  • poverty
  • crosses ethnic and gender lines
  • academic failure
  • birth complications
  • child abuse & neglect
  • chronic insomnia
    etc.
29
Q

What are protective factors for mental illness?

A
  • Aerobic exercise
  • community offering empowerment, opportunity, and security
  • economic independence
  • effective parenting
  • feeling of mastery and control
  • feelings of security
  • high self-esteem
  • literacy
  • positive attachment & early bonding
    etc.

Ap Psychology (43 decks)

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