Chapter 9 Development: Module 28

Question 1

Neonate

Answer 1

A newborn child.

Question 2

Reflexes

Answer 2

Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.

Question 3

Habituation

Answer 3

The decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Question 4

Attachment

Answer 4

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and particular individual.

Question 5

Authoritarian parents

Answer 5

Parents who are rigid an punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children.

Question 6

Permissive parents

Answer 6

Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them.

Question 7

Authoritative parents

Answer 7

Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain decisions and actions.

Question 8

Uninvolved parents

Answer 8

Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.

Question 9

Temperament

Answer 9

One’s basic, innate disposition.

Question 10

Psychosocial development

Answer 10

Development of individuals’ interactions; their understanding of each other; and their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society.

Question 11

Trust-versus-mistrust stage

Answer 11

According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development that occurs from birth to age 1 1/2 years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or a lack of trust.

Question 12

Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage

Answer 12

The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 1.5 to 3) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged, or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

Question 13

Initiative-versus-guilt stage

Answer 13

According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action.

Question 14

Industry-versus-inferiority stage

Answer 14

According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood during which children ages 6 to 12 may develop social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less social.

Question 15

Cognitive development

Answer 15

The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience.

Question 16

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 16

According to Piaget, the stage from birth to age 2, during which a child has little competence in communication about the environment by using images, language, or other symbols.

Question 17

Object permanence

Answer 17

The awareness that objects-and people-continue to exist even if they’re out of sight.

Question 18

Preoperational stage

Answer 18

According to Piaget, the period from ages 2 to 7 that’s characterized by language development.

Question 19

Egocentric thought

Answer 19

A way of thinking such that a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective.

Question 20

Principle of conservation

Answer 20

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

Question 21

Concrete operational stage

Answer 21

According to Piaget, the period from ages 7 to 12 characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism.

Question 22

Formal operational stage

Answer 22

According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that’s characterized by abstract thought.

Question 23

Information processing

Answer 23

The way that people take in, use, and store information.

Question 24

Metacognition

Answer 24

An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes.

Question 25

Zone of proximal development

Answer 25

According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own.