PFoaS Grammar lesson 10-12

Question 1

X as well as Y

both X and Y

Answer 1

formal:
既 X 又 Y
informal:
又 X 又 Y
- X and Y are usually the same type of word (adj, verb, etc.)

Question 2

1. Any Noun…

2. there is not a single Noun that…

Answer 2

1. 任何(的) Noun (or: numeral + measure word + (noun))

2. 任何 Noun 都 negation

Question 3

every single one…

Answer 3

MW + MW (都)…

- similar to 每 MW, but more emphatic

Question 4

really not, certainly not

Answer 4

可 negation

- comes after the subject and adds extra emphasis.

Question 5

Since X

Answer 5

(自)從 X (起)

Question 6

If not X, then Y

Answer 6

不是 X 就是 Y

Question 7

only (if)

Answer 7

只有。。。才

- marks exclusiveness or a necessary condition

Question 8

since X (up to the present)

Answer 8

X 來

- X here is a temporal marker like 三年

Question 9

actually, exactly; after all, in the end

Answer 9

究竟

• more formal version of 到底
• in questions it can express a demand for a clear question and in a declarative sentence it can signal that what follows is already known or self-evident

Question 10

the purpose of X is Y

X is in order to Y

Answer 10

X 為的是 Y
X 是為了 Y
- alternative to 為了 Y，X

Question 11

cause X, make X, let X

Answer 11

令 X

- more formal version of 讓, but cannot be negated by 不 like 讓

Question 12

approximately X
almost X
nearly X
more or less X

Answer 12

差不多 X
- when used before a numeral it means approximately
幾乎 X
- is less objective than 差不多

Question 13

to do with X

relates to X

Answer 13

跟/和/與 X 有關

• is negated by replacing 有 with 無
• 與 is used in formal written language

Question 14

each one does their own thing

Answer 14

各 Verb 各的 (object)

Question 15

regarding X
concerning X
about X

Answer 15

關於 X

Question 16

more often than not

usually

Answer 16

往往

- has a somewhat stronger sense of normalcy than 常常

Question 17

nobody, nothing, nowhere, etc.

Answer 17

question word 也/都 negation

- without the negation it can become affirmative

Question 18

1. to be able to afford to do X

2. to not be able to afford to do X

Answer 18

1. X 得起

2. X 不起

Question 19

to verb in less than X

Answer 19

不到 X 就 Verb 了

Question 20

depends on X

Answer 20

要看 X

Question 21

compared to X, …

Answer 21

跟 X 比起来，….