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A&P > Unit 2: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Unit 2: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Lumen

A

Open space in the blood vessel where the blood travels

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2
Q

Tunica Interna (intima)

A

Innermost layer, located next to the lumen
Structure: simple squamous epithelium. Has endothelium and the basement membrane
Function: minimize friction as blood flows

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3
Q

Tunica Media

A

Middle Layer
Structure: circular sheets of smooth muscle in between 2 sheets of elastin and collagen fibers
Function: contracts and relaxes to dilate or constrict.

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4
Q

Tunica Externa (adventitia)

A

Outermost layer
Structure: dense connective tissue with a lot of elastic and collagen fibers.
Function: anchors and protects the vessel

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5
Q

Order of vessel blood flow as it leaves the heart and returns

A

Arteries>arteriole>capillaries>venules>veins

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6
Q

Elastic Arteries “conducting arteries”

A

Structure: large lumen, all 3 tunicas and highest elastic fibers
Function: temper high BP flow from the heart. Blood flows the quickest - rate 30-40 cm/s
Location: next to the heart > aorta and its immediate branches

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7
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

“Vessels of vessels”

Blood vessels/blood supply of tunica externa of elastic arteries

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9
Q

Internal/external elastic lumina

A

Elastin that is on the outer and inner margins of the tunica media of muscular arteries.

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10
Q

Arterioles

A

Structure: smallest of the arteries, all 3 tunics, media may only be a few layers and externa is thin
Function: principle site of regulating BL
Location: branch of muscular arteries > found in organs and tissues.

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11
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest of all the blood vessels. Lumen large enough for a single file passage of RBCs

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12
Q

Intracellular Clefts

A

Space between endothelial cells where tight junctions are not found

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13
Q

Pericytes

A

Spider shaped cells that sit on the outside of the capillary > strengthen and support

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14
Q

Continuous Capillary

A

**most common
Structure: mostly tight junctions with some intercellular clefts
Functions: allow exchange of molecules.
Location: most organs

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15
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A

Structure: tight junctions and intercellular clefts. Has pores called fenestrations giving Swiss cheese appearance
Function: exchange of molecules
Location: found in areas that require a a higher rate of exchange ie intestines and glomerulus

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16
Q

Sinusoid capillary

A

**”leakiest”
Structure: few tight junctions, wide intercellular clefts, large fenestrations and basement membrane has holes
Function: most permeable > allows large molecules to pass ie proteins
Location: bone marrow, spleen, liver

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17
Q

Metarteriole

A

When a terminal arteriole reaches a tissue, it forms smaller branches that are structurally intermediate between a cap and arteriole

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18
Q

Thoroughfare channel

A

Intermediate between a cap and venule. Metarteriole leads to this

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19
Q

Precapillary Sphincter

A

Found where branches of capillaries branch off metarterioles. These smooth muscles form sphincters that contract and relax to control blood flow to caps.

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20
Q

Venules

A

Smallest veins. Smaller venules are similar to capillaries in structure. Large venules have 3 tunics.
Function: carry blood to the veins. Smaller venules allow exchange between blood and interstitial fluid.

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21
Q

Veins

A

Structure: large lumens & 3 tunics. Compared to arteries, veins have thinner media and larger externa
Function: carry blood to the heart with help of venous valves and skeletal muscle pumps
**”blood reservoirs” - stores about 2/3 of total blood.

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22
Q

Cause of vericose veins?

A

Broken or defective venous valves > leads to pooling of the blood which causes them to swell and twist. **most common in the lower limbs.

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23
Q

Blood Flow

A

Volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ or the entire circulation in a given period. Measures in ml/min

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24
Q

Blood Pressure

A

force per unit area exerted on the wall of a vessel by the blood it contains.
Measured in mmHg

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25
Q

Resistance

A

Measure of amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessel

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26
Q

Peripheral Resistance (PR) or Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) equation

A

R= ∆P/Q

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27
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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28
Q

Equation for calculating MAP (mean arteriole pressure)

A

MAP= DP+1/3PP

29
Q

Avg BP in pulmonary arteries

A

15 mmHg

30
Q

Avg BP in pulmonary veins

A

5mmHg

31
Q

Avg BP in systemic arteries

A

95mmHg

32
Q

Avg BP in arterioles

A

Begins at 80mmHg and drops down to about 35mmHg

33
Q

Avg BP in capillaries

A

Starts at about 35mmHg and drops down to about 17mmHg when it reaches the venules

34
Q

Avg BL in veins

A

Starts at about 17mmHg and drops down to about 5mmHg

35
Q

3 main factors that affect BP

A
  1. Cardiac Output (CO)
  2. Peripheral Resistance
  3. Blood Volume
36
Q

Formula showing the factors that are involved in regulation of MAP

A

MAP=COx total PR

37
Q

2 types of controls for BP

A
  1. Short term - neural or hormonal (CO and radius of vessels)
  2. Long term - renal activity (blood volume)
38
Q

Short term parasympathetic BP control

A

Only affects HR

39
Q

Short term Sympathetic affects on BP

A

Affects both HR and SV - ˆin sympathetic division > vasoconstriction > ˆBP, HR and SV

40
Q

Vascular tone

A

Constant sympathetic discharge from the vasomotor center that keep arterioles partially constricted

  • ˇin vascular tone > vasodilation
  • ˆ in vascular tone > vasoconstriction
41
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Neural reflex that mediates short therm control of BP

42
Q

Baroreceptors

A

pressure/stretch receptors

Located in aortic arch and common carotid sinus

43
Q

Baroreceptor reflex response to increased BP

A

Increased AP in baroreceptor>stim of cardiovascular center>increase in parasympathetic activity and decrease in sympathetic activity

44
Q

Baroreceptor reflex in response to decrease in BP

A

Decrease AP in baroreceptors>stim of cardiovascular center>increase in sympathetic activity and decrease in parasympathetic

45
Q

Short term hormonal control

A
  1. Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
  2. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
  3. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
46
Q

Epi and NE - short term hormonal control of BP

A

Increase BP

  • bind to B1 > vasoconstriction
  • increase TPR and BP
47
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - short term hormonal control of BP

A

Causes vasoconstriction>increase TPR and BP

*affects kidneys long term by increasing reabsorption of water in kidneys

48
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A
  • Released by endothelial cells in atria of heart in response to an increase in BP
  • increases loss of Na in urine>decrease in blood volume>decrease in BP
49
Q

Long term control of BP

A

Kidneys control long term BP (hrs-days) by varying the amount of urine produces>varying the amount of fluid in the body (inc blood plasma)

50
Q

Indirect Renal Mechanism for BP Control

A 
Hormones released in response to BP changes - these changes are associated with enzyme signaling pathway
3 primary elements
-renin
-angiotensinogen
-aldosterone
51
Q

Angiotensinogen II on BP

A

Increases BP 2 ways

  1. Increases blood volume > stim release of aldosterone, ADH and thirst center
  2. Potent vasoconstrictor
52
Q

Aldosterone on BP

A

Increases BP by the reabsorption of Na in kidneys

53
Q

RAAS on BP

A

The RAAS will increase BP by both increasing peripheral resistance (through increased vasoconstriction) and by increasing blood volume.

54
Q

Muscular Arteries “distributing arteries”

A

Structure: has all 3 tinics - tunica media is the thickest
Function: deliver blood to the organs and maintain necessary pressure
Location: includes most named arteries

55
Q

Tissue Profusion

A

Blood flow to a tissue through a capillary bed. Tightly regulates process to ensure the metabolic needs of all tissues
-intrinsic and extrinsic controls

56
Q

Capillary exchange

A

Movement of materials ie nutrients, gases, ions and waste between blood in a capillaries and interstitial fluid of the cap wall
-diffusion and bulk flow

57
Q

Diffusion at capillaries

A

Substances move down their concentration gradient across the capillary wall

58
Q

Bulk flow at capillaries

A

Mass movement of fluid (water and solutes) either into or out of the capillary

59
Q

Filtration (bulk flow)

A

Fluid movement out of capillaries
-net filtration occurs at arteriole end of capillary, usually caused by high blood pressure. Fluid becomes part of interstitial fluid

60
Q

Reabsorption (bulk Flow)

A

Fluid movement into the capillaries
-net reabsorption occurs at the venuole end of capillaries >90% of filtration fluid is picked up at venuoles and other 10% is picked up by lymph vessels

61
Q

2 classes that force determine filtration and reabsorbtion

A
  1. HP - hyrdrostatic pressure
  2. OP - osmotic pressure

*generated by factors inside and out of the capillaries

62
Q

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (HPC)

A

pressure from blood inside the capillary = BP > pushes fluid out of capillary (helps filtration)
*arteriole end - 35mmHg, venule end - 17mmHg

63
Q

Capillary osmotic pressure (OPC)

A

osmotic presssure exerted by plasma proteins inside the capillaries > pulls fluid into capillaries (helps reabsorption)
*26mmHg

64
Q

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPIF)

A

pressure exerted on the outside of the capillaries by interstatial fluid > pushes fluid back into the capillaries
*0mmHg

65
Q

Interstitial fluids osmotic pressure (OPIF)

A

osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the interstitial fluid > pulls fluid out of capillary; normally zero since proteins are absent from interstitial fluid but if proteins are present > helps with filtration.
**1mmHg

66
Q

Equation for filtration pressure

A

NFP=(HPC-OPIF)-(OPC+HPIF)

A&P (3 decks)

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