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Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular Physiology V > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology V Flashcards

1
Q

what does hemodynamics describe

A

How the blood flows

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2
Q

What influences hemodynamics? (4)

A
  1. Bloodstream velocity
  2. Flow
  3. Resistance
  4. Effects of smooth muscle
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3
Q

what is Bloodstream velocity?

It is also the rate of ______

A

How fast the blood is going

The rate of displacement of fluid over time

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4
Q

Bloodstream velocity is proportional to

A

flow

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5
Q

what is flow

A

the volume of blood that passes a given cross section of vessel per unit of times

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6
Q

flow is determined by ____ and proportional to ____ & ____

A
  • pressure

- pressure & radius of the tube

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7
Q

____ is affected by the differences in arterial pressure to venous pressure

A

flow

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8
Q

Pressure is affected by ____ & _____ and influenced by ____ & ____

A
  • effects of gravity and venous valves

- density and height

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9
Q

____ is inversely proportional to the length of tube & viscosity

A

flow

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10
Q

the proportional relationship of flow to radius and inversely proportional to viscosity and length of tube

A

Poiseuille’s law

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11
Q

The longer the tube the ____ the flow

A

lower

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12
Q

____ is Proportional to viscosity and length

A

Resistance

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13
Q

If blood is more thick resistance

A

increased

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14
Q

___ is Inversely proportional to radius

A

Resistance

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15
Q

If Radius of artery is larger resistance is

A

decreased

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16
Q

_____ Can change the radius of the vessel thus change the resistance

A

Effects of smooth muscle

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17
Q

_____ surrounds the artery and changes the radius of a vessel

A

smooth muscle

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18
Q

____ leads to changes of the resistance on the blood & flow to compensate

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

the _____ system Includes aorta and vena cava

A

Series System

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20
Q

what is 1 segment of vessels that connect to another segment known as

A

Series System

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21
Q

in series system Resistance of whole system = ____

A

to the sum of each part

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22
Q

_____ system can have an effect the flow

A

Series System

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23
Q

____ system Includes capillary system

A

Parallel System

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24
Q

Many capillaries that line up next to one another is known as ____

A

Parallel System

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25
Q

the advantages of a parallel system is that Even though

A

capillaries are high resistance the parallel system decreases resistance

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26
Q

Resistance of all parallel capillaries is _____ because ____

A
  • < the resistance of 1 tube

- it has additional pathways

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27
Q

____ describes how fluid moves as a series of thin layers

A

Laminar blood flow

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28
Q

in _____ flow each layer moves at a velocity different from that of its neighboring layers

A

Laminar blood flow

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29
Q

in ____ flow the maximal velocity is in central region

A

Laminar blood flow

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30
Q

in Laminar blood flow

fluid moving along the outside of the tube will meet resistance because _____

A

coming into contact with the edges of vessels

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31
Q

in laminar blood flow ____ Will move more slowly than fluid in vessels

A

Fluid moving along the outside of the tube

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32
Q

______ will move in a straight line despite the fact that they are at different speeds

A

Fluid moving along the outside of the tube

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33
Q

Irregular movement of fluid in a tube

A

Turbulent blood flow

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34
Q

Requires increased pressure to force flow through the same tube that was laminar (=more work)

A

Turbulent blood flow

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35
Q

As turbulence increases it requires increased _____ this leads to ____

A

pressure to force that blood flow through the same tube that was laminar => more work

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36
Q

Turbulent flow develops in (2)

A
  • Large diameter tubes (add more fluid in larger diameter tube will get more fluid moving through )
  • Low viscosity fluid
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37
Q

Abrupt variation in tube dimension (bifurcation) can lead to

A

Turbulent flow

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38
Q

Irregularities in tube walls (i.e. plaque, cholesterol)

can cause

A

Turbulent flow

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39
Q

vibrations AKA murmurs are due to

A

Turbulent flow

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40
Q

____ is due to low viscosity, abrupt changes in arterial dimension, large vessels, and arteriosclerosis

A

Turbulence

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41
Q

____ can cause changes in characteristics of blood vessels or abnormalities

A

Turbulence

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42
Q

aortic aneurysm (ballooning out of blood vessels) is an example of ____ flow

A

Turbulent flow

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43
Q

____ is known as Pressure applied outside artery that exceeds the patient’s arterial pressure

A

blood pressure

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44
Q

when external pressure falls below arterial pressure, blood starts to flow

A

Systolic Pressure

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45
Q

When external pressure falls below minimum pressure in the artery, sound disappears

A

Diastolic pressure

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46
Q

Blood pressure is dependent on____ & _____-

A
  • compliance

- volume

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47
Q

blood pressure is proportional to _____ and inversely proportional to _____

A
  • Proportional to volume

- Inversely proportional to compliance

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48
Q

As BP increase _____ decrease

A

compliance

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49
Q

As BP increase _____ increase

A

volume

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50
Q

volume is dependent on _____ & _____

A
  • flow In artery

- flow Out of artery

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51
Q

= to resistance to flow in the systemic vascular bed

A

Total peripheral resistance

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52
Q

As resistance increases ____ increase

A

Blood pressure

53
Q

the ability of an artery to stretch

A

Compliance

54
Q

____ is Effected by volume and pressure

A

Compliance

55
Q

As compliance increase____ & _____ decrease

A

arterial volume and pressure decrease

56
Q

____ is an Estimation of flow

A

Cardiac Output

57
Q

= Stroke Volume X Heart Rate

A

Cardiac Output

58
Q

____ determines arterial volume fluctuation

A

Stroke Volume

59
Q

amount of blood ejected during systole

A

Stroke Volume

60
Q

= hardening of arteries

A

atherosclerosis

61
Q

Hardening of artery => decrease. ____ & _____

A

` compliance & increase resistance

62
Q

_____ is when Blood flow through system then becomes more pulsatile

A

atherosclerosis

63
Q

_____ Chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries often due to accumulation of ____ & ____

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • macrophages
  • LDL
64
Q

____ Leads to formation of multiple plaques within the arteries

A
  • atherosclerosis
65
Q

in _____ you See calcification around LDL & WBC formation which lead to _____

A
  • atherosclerosis

- thrombus

66
Q

The amplitude of the arterial pressure fluctuation

A

Pulse pressure

67
Q

you Can have high variance in pulse pressure without affecting _____

A

MAP

68
Q

Allows for the passage of small molecules by diffusion, filtration, and pinocytosis

A

capillaries

69
Q

capillaries Can be fenestrated or have clefts that allow _____

A

larger substances to move in and out

70
Q

= most important way for solutes to transfer across membrane

A

diffusion

71
Q

____ Main role is diffusion

A

capillaries

72
Q

What determines whether arterioles dilate or contract? (2)

A
  • Vasodilator substances

- Vasoconstrictor substances

73
Q

Endothelin is an example of ____ in the arteries

A
  • Vasoconstrictor substances
74
Q

H & CO2, K+ are examples of ____ in the arteries

A

-Vasodilator substances

75
Q

You can modify ____ substances & ____ substances to increase vasodilation

A
  • Vasodilator substances

- Vasoconstrictor substances

76
Q

Resistance vessels

A

Arteries

77
Q

arteries Diameter determined by

A

vasomotion

78
Q

a reflexive response for smooth muscle constriction or relaxation

A

vasomotion

79
Q

Vasomotion dependent on (3)

A

1) Pressure dependent = autoregulation
2) humoral factors
3) neural factors

80
Q

If pressure increase, then vascular tone ____-

A

increase

81
Q

If pressure decrease than vascular tone ______

A

decrease

82
Q

Contributes to total peripheral resistance

A

Arteries

83
Q

Capacitance vessels

A

Veins

84
Q

____ involves Constriction causes slowing of flow of capillaries

A

Capacitance vessels

85
Q

Serve as a conduit

A

veins

86
Q

Lack smooth muscle but can withstand high tension

A

Capillaries

87
Q

____ Flow is dependent on arterioles (contraction or dilation)

A

Capillaries

88
Q

The amount of capillaries is dependent on the _____(i.e. kidney & brain)

A

metabolic activity of the tissue

89
Q

= most important way for solutes to transfer across membrane

A

Diffusion

90
Q

____ involves The movement of small lipid soluble molecules

A

Diffusion

91
Q

Slow flow = slow _____

A

diffusion rate

92
Q

Capillaries are regulated by ____ & _____

A

osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

93
Q

____ determined by arterial pressure, venous pressure, and arterioles/venous constriction/relaxation

A

hydrostatic pressure

94
Q

____ most important factor to restrain loss of H2O from capillaries

A

osmotic pressure

95
Q

The_____ effects the pressure of the capillaries

A

dilation of the arterioles and venule

96
Q

The transfer of substances through vesicles

A

Pinocytosis

97
Q

Occurs less than diffusion or filtration

A

Pinocytosis

98
Q

____ is a way to move large, lipid insoluble substances

A

Pinocytosis

99
Q

an increase interstitial fluid in any organ

A

edema

100
Q

edema is Determined by the balance of fluid from _____ into _____

A

inside the capillaries into the interstitial spaces

101
Q

edema caused by (5)

A

1) Increased hydrostatic pressures
2) Reduced oncotic pressure
3) Sodium retention
4) Inflammation
5) Lymphatic obstruction

102
Q

There is an increased force of fluid that the flow forces fluid out. Ex CHF & HTN

A

Increased hydrostatic pressures

103
Q

Low protein level or decrease oncotic force in vascular space of capillaries => ______`

A

escape of the blood content from vessels

104
Q

____ has a pulling effect on H20

A

Na

105
Q

_____ => effects on oncotic pressure

A

Na has a pulling effect on H2O

106
Q

Release inflammatory mediators =>. _____ of smooth muscles => increase flow of blood through capillaries => ______

A
  • dilation

- loss of H2O

107
Q

H2O that escapes normally is taken up by _____ & draws up to hear & is dumped into circulation

A

lymphatic system

108
Q

an Lymphatic obstruction

leads to

A

inability to uptake fluid

109
Q

Used to determine the generation and regulation of interstitial fluid in edema

A

Frank Starling Law

110
Q

Interstitial fluid depends on the balance of ____ & ____

A

osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

111
Q

osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure act in _____ across the semipermeable capillary membrane

A

opposite directions

112
Q

The movement of fluid is dependent on these 4 factors:

A

1) hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries
2) hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial outside capillaries
3) the oncotic pressure within the capillaries
4) the oncotic pressure in the interstitial walls of the capillaries

113
Q

a form of compensation where the body develops parallel circulation to supply blood to tissue

A

collateral circulation

114
Q
  • A ballooning out of the vessels
A

Aortic Aneurysm

115
Q
  • _____ is Due to changes in characteristics of blood vessels or its abnormalities
A

Aortic Aneurysm

116
Q

the murmur heard in an aortic aneurysm is due to______-

A

turbulence flow

117
Q

Turbulence in an aortic aneurysm is due to low ____, abrupt change in____, large ____, and ______

A
  • low viscosity
  • abrupt change in arterial dimension
  • large vessels
  • arteriosclerosis
118
Q

_____ occurs due to swelling and dilation of the aorta

A

aortic aneurysm

119
Q

in an aortic aneurysm the concern is the______

A
  • The concern is the risk of rupture or leakage
120
Q

______= regulating vessels and constricting vessels

A
  • Arteries
121
Q

____ & ________ = large conduits = increased compliance = can hold larger volume

A

The aorta and pulmonary artery

122
Q

______ sounds with each heart beat

A

korotkoff

123
Q

 We can adjust CO by changing ___-

A

HR

124
Q

o MAP is dependent on ____ & ___

A

CO & total peripheral resistance

125
Q

o Atheromatous plaque can rupture and ______

A

can limit blood flow to the heart

126
Q

o Acute rupture of atheromatous plaque may lead to an_______

A

acute myocardial infarction

127
Q

______ results in irreversible tissue death due to lack of oxygen rich blood

A

a myocardial infarction

128
Q
  • Pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis include

5

A 
o	Fatty streaks (LDL)
o	Smooth muscle cells
o	Calcification
o	Thrombus 
o	Catecholamine release (NE) due to stress

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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