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Tri B > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system works alongside the cardiovascular system to…

A

Deliver O2 for cellular metabolism and eliminate CO2 a byproduct of cellular metabolism

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2
Q

Where are the vocal cords?

A

Larynx

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3
Q

Describe the makeup of the pleural membrane which surrounds the lungs?

A

Composed of parietal pleura which lines the inside of the ribcage and then the visceral pleura which lines the outside of the lungs. The pleural cavity separates the two.

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4
Q

What are the names of the 5 lobes of the lungs?

A

Right superior, right middle, right inferior

Left superior, left inferior

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5
Q

Describe the bronchial tree?

A 
Trachea 
Right and left primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

The diaphragm. A sheet of skeletal muscle important in ventilation

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7
Q

Describe the physiology of the trachea.

A

Tubular passage connecting larynx to primary bronchi about 12 cm long, 1” in diameter.
Lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells and cilia on apical surface.
Supported by C shaped rings of cartiallage allowing for expansion during inspiration and preventing collapse on expiration

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8
Q

Describe the structure and function of the bronchial airways.

A

Conduct air deeper into lungs into progressively smaller passages. Lined by ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells that helps to trap inhaled particles and remove them

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9
Q

Beyond the terminal bronchioles describe the structure of the lung tissue.

A

Terminal bronchioles subdivide into respiratory bronchioles which further subdivide into alveolar ducts which terminate with sacks of alveoli.

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10
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Microscopic air sacs that are the site of O2 and CO2 gas exchange. They are supported by a network of capillaries and are lined by simple squamous epithelia.

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11
Q

What are the two types of alveolar cells?

A

Type 1 - Continuous lining of alveolar wall and main site of gas exchange

Type 2 - Septal cells - secrete alveolar fluid that includes surfacant lowering surface area tension and preventing collapse

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12
Q

By what process does gas exchange take place in the alveoli?

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

What membrane do gases diffuse across between the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli?

A

The respiratory membrane - Consists of alveolar wall, capillary wall and their basement membrane. It is very thin.

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14
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The process of breathing.

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15
Q

What force governs the movement of air in the ventilation process?

A

Pressure- measured in mmHg

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16
Q

What governs the pressure of the thoracic cavity?

A

The respiratory muscles found across the chest.

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17
Q

What are the muscles of inhalation?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalanes
External intercostals
Diaphragm (Diaphragm is the most important respiratory muscle)

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18
Q

What do the muscles of inhalation do?

A

Move the ribcage up and out increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and the also the lungs

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19
Q

What are the muscles of exhalation?

A

Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
Arrangement of Abdominal muscles

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20
Q

What do the muscles of exhalation do?

A

Decrease volume of thoracic cavity. (not used in at rest ventilation)

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21
Q

Discuss Boyle’s Law and its role in ventilation

A

Boyle’s Law - P1xV1 = P2xV2
Therefore if pressure goes up volume must go down and vice versa.
So in inhalation, muscle increase volume of thoracic cavity and pressure drops allowing air to enter the lungs.
This means muscles control pressure by adjusting the volume of the thoracic cavity.

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22
Q

What allows the thoracic cavity to return to normal size during normal respiration?

A

Elastic recoil, which is a passive process

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23
Q

During elastic recoil what occurs?

A

The volume of the thoracic cavity decrease and so pressure increases causing air to exit lungs.

24
Q

What is the pressure of the atmosphere and thoracic cavity during ventilation

A

Atmospheric pressure - 760mmHG
Inhalation - 758
Exhalation - 762

25
Q

What are some other factors affecting respiration?

A

Alveolar surface tension
Lung Compliance
Airway resistance

26
Q

What is alveolar surface tension?

A

Alveoli have a high surface tension. Collapse is prevented by Surfacant which is produced by septal cells.

27
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

The measure of how easy it is to expand lungs and thoracic cavity.
High compliance = easy expansion
Low compliance = difficult expansion

28
Q

What conditions can affect result in poor lung compliance?

A

Emphysema
Pulmonary fibrosis
Reduced surfacant

29
Q

What is airway resistance?

A

Reduced airway diameter = increased resistance to air flow = inhibited ventilation

30
Q

What conditions can result in increased airway resistance?

A

Asthma

COPD

31
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled during at rest ventilation - 500ml

32
Q

How much of the tidal volume make it to the alveoli?

A

350ml

33
Q

Discuss the process of diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

A

O2 high in alveolar air diffuses across membrane to blood which is low in O2

CO2 high in blood diffuses across membrane to alveolar air which is is low in CO2

34
Q

What is partial pressure?

Daltons Law

A

The pressure exerted by that gas as a proportion of the pressure exerted by the gas mixture it is part of.

35
Q

What is atmospheric pressure and what gases makeup our atmosphere?

A

760mmHg

O2, Nitrogen, CO2, Argon, Xenon

36
Q

What is the Partial pressure of oxygen in our atmosphere?

A

21% of atmospheric gas is O2
Atmospheric pressure = 760
21% x 760 = 160mmHg

37
Q

What is the O2 pressure of alveolar air (PO2)?

A

100-105mmHg

38
Q

What is the PO2 & PCO2 of alveolar air venous blood?

A

Alveoli
PO2 - 100-105mmgHG
PCO2 - 40mmHG

Venous blood
PO2 - 40mmHg
PCO2 - 46mmHg

39
Q

What are the PO2 and PCO2 in Arterial blood?

A

PO2 - 100mmHG
PCO2 - 40mmHG
So the blood has lost CO2 and gained O2

40
Q

How much O2 does each litre of arterial blood contain?

A

200ml

Dissolved in water (3ml) and bound to Haemoglobin (197ml)

41
Q

What concentration of blood is haemoglobin?

A

15%

42
Q

Describe the composition of a haemoglobin molecule?

A

4 protein chains that make the goblin and 4 separate haem molecules that contain and iron ion that binds the O2

43
Q

How many O2 molecules can each molecule of haemoglobin carry?

A

4

it has 4 haem molecules and so 4 iron ions

44
Q

When haemoglobin binds to O2 it is called?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

45
Q

How many haemoglobin molecules does each red blood cell contain?

A

280 million and therefore every red blood cell can carry over a billion molecules of O2

46
Q

If a molecule of haemoglobin is completely converted to Oxyhaemoglobin it is called?

A

Fully saturated

47
Q

If a molecule is only partly converted to oxyhemoglobin it is is called?

A

Partially saturated

48
Q

What determines that saturation of haemoglobin?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen
An increase in PO2 in the blood will increase the amount of O2 bound to haemoglobin. This is called the oxygen haemoglobin disassociation curve.

49
Q

What is the significance of the oxygen haemoglobin disassociation curve?

A

This means that when PO2 is high as it is in arterial blood then O2 is picked up and bound by haemoglobin. As PO2 decreases as blood travels through the circulatory system the O2 is released into the tissues.

50
Q

What is residual lung capacity?

A

Volume of air still in lungs after maximum forceful expiration

51
Q

What is functional residual lung capacity?

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal passive expiration.

52
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air above normal volume exhaled during a forceful breath out

53
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The volume of air in the lungs on maximum inspiration

54
Q

What is lung vital capacity?

A

The maximum of air you can inhale into lungs on a forceful inspiration. About 80% of total lung capacity

55
Q

What is lung inspiratory capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume

Tri B (13 decks)

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