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Aicp2 > Transportation Planning > Flashcards

Transportation Planning Flashcards

1
Q

Trip Generation

A

Number of trips that a site is likely to generate

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2
Q

Origin-Destination Survey

A

Requires that roadblocks be set up along major routes. The imaginary line that denotes the boundary of the study area is known as the cordon line. Motorists within the cordon area can then be sampled and asked questions on where they are coming from (address or point of origin) and where they are going (destination).

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3
Q

Cross Tabulation Models

A

Estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics.

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4
Q

Trip Generation Rate for Office Space

A

11 daily trip ends for every 1,000 square feet of general office space

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5
Q

Trip Generation Rate for Single Family Residence

A

9.6 daily trip ends per single family residential dwelling

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6
Q

Trip Generation Rate for Apartments

A

6.6 daily trip ends per apartment unit

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7
Q

Trip Generation Rate for Shopping Centers

A

43 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet of shopping center space

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8
Q

Trip Generation Rate for Industrial

A

7 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet of light industrial development

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9
Q

Trip Ends

A

Origin or destination for a trip

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10
Q

Trip Distribution

A

A region or area is often divided into traffic zones and provides information on how many trips are made between each zone and every other zone. Provides information on trip distances, time and cost, the nature of the trip, socioeconomic characteristics, and the nature of the transportation system.

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11
Q

Gravity Model

A

Used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone (the “gravitational pull”) and inversely proportional to the trip length.

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12
Q

Modal Splits

A

Getting where you want to go using combinations of walking, biking, public transit, car use, etc.

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13
Q

AADT

A

(Average Annual Daily Traffic) is the amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year

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14
Q

Peak Hour Volume

A

hourly traffic during the peak period

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15
Q

Seasonal Hour Volume

A

peak hour volume during different seasons

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16
Q

DHV

A

Design Hour Volume - capacity of the roadway to handle traffic

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17
Q

Traffic Assignment

A

Use of network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway by the hour. Peak volumes can then be compared with DHV to see which, if any, roadways are going to experience traffic over their design capacity

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18
Q

VMT

A

Vehicle Miles Traveled - measure of vehicular mobility obtained from travel inventories. High VMT means more vehicles on the road for employment, errands, etc.

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19
Q

Functional Classification

A

Grouping streets and highways into local or highways, and arterials vs. collectors

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20
Q

Typical Local Street Dimensions

A

500 feet maximum tangents;
Use of stop signs or speed bumps to reduce vehicle speed;
150 feet between intersections;
Clear sight distances of 75 feet.

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21
Q

Grid

A

a street pattern common in ancient cities and often advocated by New Urbanist planners for facilitating pedestrian access; variants of the classic grid include the block grid, curved block grid, and curved grid

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22
Q

Loop Streets

A

May have minimum and maximum depth standards, looping within the grid

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23
Q

Cul-De-Sacs

A

with maximum length and minimum radius standards of 400-450 feet long and 40-foot turn-around radius

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24
Q

Plaza and hammerhead street style

A

Usually insufficient for vehicle turn-around

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25
Q

Typical street gradients

A

Minimum is 0.5%. In areas with cold winters the maximum gradient is 5%; it is 8% for areas with mild winters.

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26
Q

Highway Capacity Manual

A

Provides concepts, guidelines, and procedures for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type

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27
Q

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944

A

Designating 65,000 km of interstate highways. These highways, to be selected by state highway departments, authorized the highway system but did not provide funding

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28
Q

Public Roads Administration

A
  1. Designated 60,640 km of interstate highways and implemented highway system.
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29
Q

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952

A

authorized $25 million for the construction of interstate highways and another $175 million two years later

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30
Q

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956

A

Major funding for highways. Authorized $25 billion between 1957 and 1969

31
Q

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962

A

Created the federal mandate for urban transportation planning in the U.S. Required that transportation projects in urbanized areas with a population of 50,000 or more be based on an urban transportation planning process. The Act called for a “continuing, comprehensive, and cooperative” (3 C’s) planning process.

32
Q

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act

A
  1. ISTEA. Providing funding for not just highways but also transit, pedestrian, and bicycle facilities.
33
Q

Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act

A
  1. FAST. First long-term transportation project since 2005. Did not provide funding for improvements.
34
Q

Metropolitan Planning Organization

A

The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 required that urbanized areas with populations of 50,000 or more develop comprehensive urban transportation plans in order to receive federal financial assistance for road construction projects

35
Q

Transportation Improvement Program

A

Required regional document for regions with populations of 200,000 or more and created by MPOs. Sets priorities by estimating costs and scheduling projects by phase

36
Q

Transportation Demand Management

A

general term used to describe strategies for the efficient use of transportation. Strategies include: Car Sharing; Flextime; Guaranteed Ride Home; Public Transit; Park-and-Ride; HOV Lanes; Telecommuting; Commute Trip Reduction; Transit Oriented Development

37
Q

Car Sharing

A

allows individuals to purchase a membership to a car service. Cars are located at fixed locations throughout a city and a member calls to schedule a time to use one. This allows individuals to pay only as they use the vehicle

38
Q

Flextime

A

allows employees to work at different times beyond the regular 8 to 5 workday. Individuals can choose to work a four-day workweek, come in earlier, or stay later. Flextime reduces congestion on roadways during peak commute times

39
Q

Guaranteed Ride Home

A

provides commuters who regularly carpool or use transit with a reliable ride home if an emergency arises. Guaranteed Ride Home programs provide commuters with a backup transportation option in case they need it

40
Q

Park-and-Ride

A

allows commuters to go from their home to a designated parking lot, where they then can either ride public transit or participate in a carpool

41
Q

High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes (HOV)

A

allow vehicles with more than one person (babies count too) to travel in a specially designated lane on a highway. California allows the single-occupant use of HOV lanes by qualifying electric, plug-in hybrid, and clean alternative fuel vehicles

42
Q

High Occupancy Toll Lanes (HOT)

A

allows single-passenger cars to use the lane for a fee (criticized as being only available to those with high incomes)

43
Q

Commute trip reduction (CTR)

A

One of the tools of a transportation demand management plan. CTR programs provide commuters with resources and incentives to reduce their vehicle trips, particularly during peak commute hours.

44
Q

Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

A

A TOD neighborhood has a center with a rail or bus station, surrounded by medium to high-density development, and progressively lower-density spreading outwards. TOD neighborhoods typically have a diameter of one-quarter to one-half mile (stations spaced 1/2 to 1 mile apart), which represents pedestrian scale distances

45
Q

Traffic Calming

A

horizontal (e.g., change in street alignment) as well as vertical (e.g., speed bumps) adjustment. The purpose is to reduce traffic speed and/or volume.

46
Q

Chicane

A

a series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway. Motorists reduce their speed by having to maneuver along the roadway.

47
Q

Choker

A

a curb extension in the middle of a block, which narrows the street width to restrict the speed of traffic in each direction.

48
Q

Full or Partial Culture

A

does not allow traffic beyond a certain point in the roadway. For example, a partial closure could change the traffic from two-way to one-way at a point on the road.

49
Q

Realigned Intersections

A

change the alignment of roadways near an intersection. This causes traffic to slow prior to entering the intersection. The approach to the intersection is not straight and requires the driver to move into a curve before approaching the intersection.

50
Q

Roundabouts

A

Require vehicles to circulate around a center island - useful on smaller streets. Traffic circles are appropriate for major streets.

51
Q

Speed Humps

A

raised areas placed across a road and are 3 to 4 inches tall. They reduce traffic speed by causing uncomfortable driving conditions if the driver goes too fast.

52
Q

Speed Table

A

larger than a speed hump. It has a flat-top and may have brick or another textured material on the flat surface. A speed table is long enough for the entire vehicle to rest on the flat section of the table.

53
Q

Traffic Circle

A

raised landscape islands located at the center of an intersection and can vary in size. They are intended to move more traffic through, increasing efficiency, although they are also meant to reduce traffic speed.

54
Q

Standard Parking Space Size

A

9 or 10 feet by 18 feet or approximately 180 square feet per parking space.

55
Q

Complete Streets

A

safe, accessible, and convenient street that everyone can use regardless of age, ability or mode of transportation. This means that motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and transit riders have sufficient infrastructure for safe access.

56
Q

Federal Highway Act of 1973

A

Created MPOs and established Transportation System Management

57
Q

Federal-Aid Highway Acts of 1916 and 1921

A

Required states to create DOTs, first major Federal Transportation bills and models for all subsequent transportation bills

58
Q

Level of Service A

A

Free flow, at or above posted speed

59
Q

Level of Service B

A

Reasonably free flow, A-level speeds but some maneuverability restrictions

60
Q

Level of Service C

A

Stable flow, drivers are restricted in speed and selection of lane changes

61
Q

Level of Service D

A

Approaching unstable flow, decreasing speeds

62
Q

Level of Service E

A

Unstable flow, operating at capacity

63
Q

Level of Service F

A

Forced or breakdown flow

64
Q

Interstates

A

Controlled access & highest mobility (I-376)

65
Q

Other Freeways/Expressways

A

Directional travel lanes, usually separated and with limited access throughout (Rt. 28)

66
Q

Other Principal Arterials

A

Greater mobility but abutting land uses can be accessed. Urban is for navigating city and carrying high % of traffic (Forbes Ave.). Rural is for connecting different urbanized areas and spanning the state. (Rt. 15)

67
Q

Minor Arterials

A

Moderate-length trips. Urban have neighborhood continuity and bus routes (Stanton Ave.). Rural are space at intervals consistent with population density and link cities and towns (Rt. 45)

68
Q

Major Collectors

A

Collect traffic from local roads. Major Collectors have more driveway spacing and higher speeds (Friendship Ave.) Rural Collectors serve intra-county travel and do not span the state (Front St.) Often have signals

69
Q

Local Roads

A

Most common road types, designed to discourage traffic, default classification once all other possibilities are eliminated

70
Q

Minor Collectors

A

Collect traffic from local roads. Less likely to have signals and serve more residential areas (RIDC Park - Urban; Old Schoolhouse Road - Rural)

71
Q

First Turnpike

A

Lancaster Turnpike, 1973

72
Q

First Federal Road

A

The National Road, 1811 connected Vandalia, IL to Cumberland, MD

73
Q

First Underground Rail

A

Boston Subway, 1897

74
Q

First Limited Access Highway

A

PA Turnpike, 1940

Aicp2 (21 decks)

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