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(C) - Reproduction > 7 - Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

7 - Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two cycles that make up the menstraul cycle and what is the length of a normal cycle?

A

- Ovarian Cycle: provide environment for oogenesis in ovary

- Uterine Cycle: prepare uterus to recieve fertilised oocyte

21-35 days

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2
Q

What is the difference in the negative feedback system on the HPG between males and females?

A
  • Testosterone has inhibitory affect on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
  • Oestrogen can be positive or negative feedback depending on where in the cycle
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3
Q

Why is GnRH being released in a pulsatile manner important in the reproductive system?

A

If there was a continous production it’s receptors in the pituitary would become desensitised so may lead to infertility

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4
Q

What is endometriosis and how can it be treated?

A

What?

  • Ectopic endometrial tissue leading to abdominal pain

Treatment?

  • Give continuous GnRH to stop desensitise receptors
  • OC pill
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5
Q

How can you treat precocious puberty?

A

Give constant GnRH to densensitise receptors

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6
Q

What is the role of FSH and LH in females?

A

FSH: allows folicles to develop in ovary at start of cycle. follicles produce oestrogen and inhibin (which is negative feedback on FSH)

LH: LH surge drives ovulation

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7
Q

What is the first stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase

  • No inhibition from steroids or inhibin so FSH levels rise
  • Number of granulosa cells increase due to FSH and causes development of theca interna/externa
  • Follicle produces oestrogen so oestrogen levels rise and exert negative feedback on anterior pituitary
  • Follicles form into Graafian follicle and oestrogen levels rise further exerting positive feeback on HPG
  • Inhibin levels rise stopping FSH so only LH rise
  • This stage is variable
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8
Q

What are the different stages of follicular development in the ovary?

A
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9
Q

When is the dominant follicle chosen in the follicular cycle and how is it chosen?

A
  • Around 7th day
  • Decrease in FSH due to the inhibin secretion
  • Increase in LH due to the rising oestrogen having positive feedback
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10
Q

What causes ovulation - the release of the mature follicle?

A
  • Inhibin and oestrogen rise rapidly and no longer dependent on FSH
  • Progesterone production begins and granulosa cells responsive to LH, modulating GnRH pulse generator

- LH surge

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11
Q

What happens to the oocyte during ovulation?

A
  • Meiosis I completes and II starts
  • Oocyte extruded through the capsule
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12
Q

What happens to the levels of sex hormones immediately after ovulation?

A
  • Follicle luteinised and starts to secrete oestrogen and progesterone in large quantities

- Inhibin continued to be produced

- LH suppressed due to negative feedback of progesterone

  • Waiting phase where gamete development suspended
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13
Q

What is the second stage of the ovarian cycle called?

A

- Luteal Phase

  • Corpus Luteum has absolute lifespan of 14 days
  • Oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin all secreted from theca and granulosa
  • If LH stays high corpus luteum regresses
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14
Q

What are the two stages of the uterine cycle?

A
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
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15
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

- Endometrium thickens in response to oestrogen from the ovary

  • Simple straight glands that start to become coiled glands as the functional layer doubles
  • All occurs at start of cycle
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16
Q

What occurs in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Glands in endometrium become secretory under influence of progesterone
  • At the end the glands lose their structure and endometrium becomes ready to shed
  • This occurs after ovulation
17
Q

What happens at the end of the menstrual cycle that leads to menstruation?

A
  • No further rise in LH after 14 days so corpus luteum regresses
  • Fall in gonadal hormones as regresses
  • Negative feedback relieved
  • Starts again
18
Q

What happens to the menstrual cycle if fertilisation and implantation occurs?

A

- Syncytiotrophoblast secrete hCG

- hCG has same effect as LH so maintains C.Luteum making progesterone

  • Placenta takes over steroid hormone production at end of 1st trimester
19
Q

What is the histiological structure of the uterus?

A

Functional layer made up of zona compacta and zona spongiosa

20
Q

Apart from changes in the uterus, what other changes in the body occur during the follicular phase?

A

Effects of oestrogen intended to promote fertilisation

21
Q

Apart from changes in the uterus, what other changes in the body occur during the luteal phase?

A

Effects of progesterone are intended to sustain a viable pregnancy

22
Q

What are some factors that can affect the menstrual cycle and it’s duration/presence?

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
  • Emotional stress
  • Low body weight

(C) - Reproduction (21 decks)

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