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Nursing 330 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Within cells

70% of water total body water (TBW)

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2
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Outside of cells

30% of TBW

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3
Q

Intravascular

A

Liquid component in blood

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4
Q

Interstitial

A

Fluid that surrounds tissue cells and includes lymph

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5
Q

Transcellular

A

Cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial, intraocular, pleural

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6
Q

Variations of fluid in body

A
  • Age
    -Infants have more total body fluid and ECF
    -Older people:
    +Decreasing percentage of
    body fluid bc of increase in fat
    cells
    +Lose muscle mass
    +Reduced total body water
  • Sex
  • Women = more fat => less body fluid
  • Amount of fat cells in body
  • Little water compared to lean tissue
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7
Q

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) definition

A

Loss of water and solutes of same proportion in ECF
Hypovolemia
Interstitial fluid is moved into intravascular space
Cellular fluid drawn into interstitial space
Cells without adequate water

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8
Q

Causes of FVD

A

Loss of body fluids

Decreased intake

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9
Q

Third space fluid shift Definition

A

Distributional shift of body fluids into transcellular compartments, joint cavities, bowel, or excess accumulation in interstitial space
Fluid moves out of intravascular space into these spaces
Deficit in ECF volume
Fluid NOT lost but trapped
So, no body weight loss so immeasurable

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10
Q

Causes of third space fluid shift

A

Disrupted colloid osmotic pressure, increase fluid volume (renal failure, excess IV), increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (heart failure), hyponatremia, increased in capillary membrane permeability (gross tissue trauma), severe burn, bowel obstruction, surgical procedures, pancreatitis, ascites, sepsis

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11
Q

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) Definition

A

Excessive fluid retention of water and sodium in ECF in near equal proportions

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12
Q

Causes of FVE

A

Malfunction of kidneys

Failure of heart to work as pump

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13
Q

Effects of FVE

A

Fluid pulled from cells to equalize tonicity
By time ECF and ICF are equal, excess of water and sodium is in ECF, so cells are depleted
Accumulates in either intravascular compartments (Hypervolemia) or interstitial space (edema)
Edema is graded based on pit

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14
Q

Normal levels of Sodium

A

135-145 meq/L

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15
Q

Hyponatremia

Definition

A

Sodium deficit in ECF

Loss of sodium or gain of water

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16
Q

Hyponatremia causes

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, sweating, diuretics

Fluid moves from ECF to ICF bc it is less concentrated

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17
Q

Hyponatremia Signs

A

Swelling cells
Confusion, hypotension, edema, muscle cramps, weakness, dry skin
Severe
Increasing intracranial pressure
Lethargy, muscle twitching, focal weakness, hemiparesis, seizures, death

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18
Q

Hypernatremia definition

A

Surplus of sodium in ECF

Excess water loss or excess sodium intake

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19
Q

Hypernatremia Causes

A

Fluid deprivation, lack of fluid consumption (diarrhea, unable to feel thirst, hyperventilation, burns)
Fluid moves from cells

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20
Q

CNS symptoms of Hyperatremia

A

Restlessness, weakness, disorientation, delusion, hallucinations

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21
Q

Potassium

Normal levels

A

3.5-5.0 meq/L

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22
Q

Hypokalemia Definition

A

Potassium deficit in ECF

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23
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

Vomiting, gastric suction, alkalosis, diarrhea
ECF K+ lost
K+ moves from cells to ECF
Intracellular K+ deficit
Sodium and hydrogen retained by cells to maintain isotonic fluids
Skeletal muscles first demonstrate deficiency

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24
Q

Hypokalemia signs

A

Muscle weakness, leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, dysrhythmias

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25
Q

Hyperkalemia definition

A

Excess of K+ in ECF

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26
Q

Hyperkalemia Causes

A

Renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, medications

More dangerous than hypokalemia

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27
Q

Signs of hyperkalemia

A

Nerve conduction and muscle contractility affected
Skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis
Cardiac irregularities
Cardiac arrest

28
Q

Calcium

Normal levels

A

Ionized: 4.5-5.1 Mg/dL
Serum: 8.6-10.2 Mg/dL

29
Q

Hypocalcemia definition

A

Calcium deficit in ECF

30
Q

Hypocalcemia causes

A

Inadequate calcium intake, impaired calcium absorption, excessive calcium loss

31
Q

Hypocalcemia signs

A

Numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth or feet
Tetany
Muscle cramps
Seizures

32
Q

Hypercalcemia definition

A

Excess of calcium in ECF

33
Q

hypercalcemia causes

A

Cancer

Hyperparathyroidism

34
Q

Signs of hypercalcemia

A

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, excessive urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, slurred speech
Severe= cardiac arrest

35
Q

Magnesium Normal levels

A

1.3-2.3 meq/L

36
Q

Hypomagnesemia definition

A

Magnesium deficit in ECF

37
Q

Hypomagnesemia causes

A

NG suctioning, diarrhea, withdrawal from alcohol, administration of tube feedings or parenteral nutrition, sepsis, burns

38
Q

Hypomagnesemia signs

A

Muscle weakness, tremors, tetany, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, respiratory paralysis

39
Q

Hypermagnesemia definition

A

Magnesium excess in ECF

40
Q

causes of Hypermagnesemia

A

Renal failure, excessive magnesium intake

41
Q

Signs of Hypermagnesemia

A

Nausea, vomiting, weakness, flushing, lethargy, loss of DTRs, respiratory depression, coma, cardiac arrest

42
Q

Phosphorus

Normal levels

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

43
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

Below normal concentration of phosphorus in ECF

44
Q

causes of Hypophosphatemia

A

Deficiency, administration of calories to malnourished patients, alcohol withdrawal, diabtic ketoacidosis, hyperventilation, insulin release, absorption problems, diuretic use

45
Q

signs of Hypophosphatemia

A

Weakness, irritability, fatigue, paresthesias, confusion, seizures, coma

46
Q

Hyperphosphatemia definition

A

Above normal concentration of phosphorus in ECF

47
Q

causes of Hyperphosphatemia

A

Imparied kidney excretion

Hypoparathyroidism

48
Q

Signs of Hyperphosphatemia

A

Tetany, anorexia, nausea, muscle weakness, tachycardia

49
Q

Chloride

Normal levels

A

97-107 meq/L

50
Q

Hypochloremia

A

below normal levels of chloride

51
Q

Hypochloremia causes

A

Severe vomiting, diarrhea, drainage of gastric fluid, metabolic alkalosis, diuretic therapy, burns

52
Q

Hypochloremia signs

A

Hyperexcitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive DTRs, weakness, muscle cramps

53
Q

Hyperchloremia definition

A

Above-normal level of chloride in ECF

54
Q

causes of Hyperchloremia

A

Metabolic acidosis, head trauma, increased perspiration, excess adrenocortical hormone production, decreased glomerular filtration

55
Q

signs of Hyperchloremia

A

Tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive ability, hypertension, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, coma

56
Q

Metabolic acidosis

Definition

A

Proportionate deficit of bicarbonate ECF

57
Q

Metabolic acidosis causes

A

Increase in acid components

Excessive loss bicarbonate

58
Q

Metabolic acidosis results

A

Increase in rate and depth respirations to excrete CO2
Kidneys retain bicarbonate and excrete H+
Low pH

59
Q

Metabolic alkalosis definition

A

Excess of HCO3 or decrease in H+ ions in ECF

60
Q

Metabolic alkalosis causes

A

Excessive acid loss

Increased base ingestion or retention

61
Q

Metabolic alkalosis results

A 
Retain CO2
Respirations slow and shallow 
Periods of no breathing
Kidneys
Excrete excess H2O and Na+ ions with excess bicarbonate ions
Retain H+
62
Q

Respiratory acidosis definition

A

Excess of carbonic acid in ECF

63
Q

Respiratory acidosis causes

A

Inadequate excretion of CO2 with inadequate ventilation
Elevated CO2 levels
Increased carbonic acid levels

64
Q

Respiratory acidosis results

A

Increased respiratory rate
Kidneys eliminate H+ ions
Conserve bicarbonate and sodium ions

65
Q

Respiratory alkalosis definition

A

Deficit of carbonic acid in the ECF

66
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

Alveolar hyperventilation
Faster and deeper breathing
Loss of CO2
Decrease carbonic acid levels in plasma, increase pH

67
Q

results of respiratory alkalosis

A

Breathe slower and less deep

Kidneys alleviate imbalance by increasing bicarbonate excretion and retaining more H+ ions

Nursing 330 (3 decks)

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