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IGCSE Biology > characteristics and classification of living organisms > Flashcards

characteristics and classification of living organisms Flashcards

1
Q

what is movement

A

action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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2
Q

what is respiration

A

the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy

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3
Q

what is sensitivity

A

ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make responses

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4
Q

what is growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both

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5
Q

what is reproduction

A

processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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6
Q

what is excretion

A

removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements

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7
Q

what is nutrition

A

taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them

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8
Q

what is classification

A
  • Organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share
  • Classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships (change of adaptive features of a population over time, as a result of natural selection)
  • Classification is traditionally based on studies of morphology and anatomy
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9
Q

what is morphology

A

the overall form and shape of their bodies e.g. wings or legs

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10
Q

what is anatomy

A

the detailed body structure determined by dissection

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11
Q

what is the Binomial system

A

a system of naming species in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus (starting with a capitol letter) and species (starting with a lower-case letter), written in italics when printed (therefore underlined when written)

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12
Q

classification order

A

KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Kingdom –> Species = Similarity increases

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13
Q

what is DNA

A

DNA is the chemical from which chromosomes are made

Each DNA molecule is made up of strings of smaller molecules containing four bases

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14
Q

how do biologists compare organisms

A

Biologists compare the sequences of the bases in the DNA of organisms from two different species

The more similar the base sequence, the more closely related the species are to one another

Organisms which share a more recent ancestor have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor

The sequences of bases in DNA and of amino acids in proteins are used as a more accurate means of classification (cladistics)

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15
Q

what are the organisms kingdoms

A
  • animal
  • plant
  • fungi
  • prokaryotes
  • protocist
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16
Q

animal kingdom definition

A

Multi-cellular ingestive heterotrophs (eat living organisms)

17
Q

plant kingdom definition

A

Multi-cellular photosynthetic autotrophic (make their own food) organism with a cellulose cell wall.

18
Q

fungi kingdom definition

A

Single celled or multi cellular heterotrophic organism with cell wall not made of cellulose, spread by spreading of spores in moist/dark/warm environment, saprotrophs (feed off dead organisms) or parasites

19
Q

prokaryote kingdom definition

A

Single celled organism with no true nucleus

20
Q

protocist kingdom definition

A

Single celled organism with a nucleus

21
Q

types of vertebrates

A
  • mammals
  • reptiles
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • birds
22
Q

mammals characteristics

A

Fur/hair on skin

Can live on land and in water

4 legs

Lungs to breathe

Give birth to live young

external ears

23
Q

reptiles characteristics

A

Scales on skin

Usually 4 legs

Lungs to breathe

Hard eggs

24
Q

fish characterisitcs

A

Wet scales

External fertilization and soft eggs

Gills to breathe

25
Q

amphibians characterisitcs

A

Smooth, moist skin

External fertilization and soft eggs

Gills/lungs to breathe so can live on land and in water

4 legs

26
Q

birds characteristics

A

Feathers on body and scales on legs

Have 2 legs and 2 wings

Lungs to breathe

Hard eggs

27
Q

what are arthropods

A

Invertebrates with Legs

28
Q

types of arthropods

A
  • crustaceans
  • arachnids
  • myriapods
  • insects
29
Q

crustaceans characterisitcs

A

Have an exoskeleton

1 pair of compound eyes

2 body segment – cephalothorax and abdomen

More than four pairs of legs

2 pairs of antennae sensitive to touch and chemicals

30
Q

arachnids characteristics

A

2 body segment – cephalothorax and abdomen

Four pairs of legs

Pair of chelicerae to hold prey

Two pedipalps for reproduction

Simple eyes

31
Q

myriapods characteristics

A

Segmented body

Additional segments formed

One pair of antennae

70+ pairs of legs – 1 or 2 pairs on each segment

Fused head and thorax and segmented abdomen

Simple eyes

32
Q

insects characteristics

A

3 body segments – head, thorax and abdomen

3 pairs of legs

1 pair of antennae

1 or 2 pairs of wings

Compound and simple eyes

33
Q

types of plants

A
  • ferns

- flowering plants

34
Q

ferns characteristics

A

Do not produce flowers

They are plants with roots, stems and leaves

Have leaves called fronds

Reproduce by spores

35
Q

flowering plants characteristics

A

They are plants with roots, stems and leaves

Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds

Seeds are produced inside the ovary in the flower

36
Q

monocotyledons characteristics

A

One cotyledon
Parallel veins
Fibrous root
Floral parts in 3s

37
Q

dicotyledons characteristics

A

Two cotyledons
Veins netlike
Taproot present
Floral parts in 3s

38
Q

virus characteristics

A 
Covered by:	Protein coat	
Cell membrane:	No	
Cytoplasm:	No	
Genetic material:	DNA or RNA – only a few genes
Living or not?	Non-living unless in host
39
Q

bacteria characteristics

A

Covered by: Cell wall
Cell membrane: Yes
Cytoplasm: Yes
Genetic material: DNA or RNA – only a few genes DNA – enough for several 100 genes
Living or not? Non-living unless in host Living

IGCSE Biology (21 decks)

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