The Protestant Reformation

Question 1

Simony

Answer 1

Sale of church offices

Question 2

Pluralism

Answer 2

An official holding more than one office at a time

Question 3

Absenteeism

Answer 3

An official not participating in benefices but receiving payment and privileges

Question 4

Sale of indulgences

Answer 4

People paying money to the church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones

Question 5

Nepotism

Answer 5

Favoring family members in the appointment of church offices

Question 6

Clerical ignorance

Answer 6

Many priests were virtually illiterate

Question 7

Erasmus, In Praise of Folly

Answer 7

Criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy

Question 8

Martin Luther

Answer 8

Augustinian monk; taught at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony

Question 9

Johann Tetzel

Answer 9

Was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences

Question 10

95 Theses

Answer 10

Luther criticized the selling of indulgences but went further than others before him questioning the scriptural authority of the pope to grant indulgences

Question 11

Johann Eck

Answer 11

Great theologian who debated with Martin Luther

Question 12

“Priesthood of all believers”

Answer 12

Churched used this instead of a hierarchy

Question 13

Diet of Worms

Answer 13

Tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with power to outlaw and sentence execution through stake burning

Question 14

Confessions of Augsburg

Answer 14

An attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran and Catholic Princes of the HRE

Question 15

Philip Melanchton

Answer 15

Martin Luther’s friend who wrote the Confessions of Augsburg

Question 16

Charles V

Answer 16

Sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the hegemony of Catholicism

Question 17

German Peasants War, Twelve Articles

Answer 17

Peasants demanded end of serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry

Question 18

League of Schmalkalden

Answer 18

Formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s drive to re-Catholicize Germany

Question 19

Hapsburg-Valois wars

Answer 19

Five wars between 1521 and 1555 between France and the Hapsburg

Question 20

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Answer 20

Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism

Question 21

Anabaptists

Answer 21

Voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state

Question 22

John of Leyden

Answer 22

Led a radical group of Anabaptists and took control of the northwestern German city, Munster

Question 23

Tragedy at Munster

Answer 23

Combined armies of Protestant and Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leaders

Question 24

Mennonites

Answer 24

Founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons, became descendants of the Anabaptists. Emphasized pacifism

Question 25

Quakers

Answer 25

In England shared similar beliefs, thousands came to America where they founded and controlled Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware.

Question 26

Unitarians

Answer 26

(Who reject the Trinity), also who were influenced by Anabaptists

Question 27

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 27

Student of Humanism who preached Erasmus’ edition of the new Greek Testament

Question 28

Zurich

Answer 28

Zwingli established a theocracy here

Question 29

Colloquy at Marburg

Answer 29

Zwingli officially split with Luther over issue of Eucharist

Question 30

John Calvin

Answer 30

Frenchman,studied to be a priest and later trained as a lawyer. Influences Humanism, Especially Erasmus

Question 31

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Answer 31

Calvin’s foundational work for Calvinism

Question 32

Predestination

Answer 32

Since God is all knowing, he already knows who is going to heaven and who is destined for Hell

Question 33

“Elect/Visible Saints”

Answer 33

The church members who have had their conversion experience. They should become Model Christians:”Visible Saints”

Question 34

Geneva

Answer 34

Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540. Geneva became the new center for reformation in Europe

Question 35

Consistory

Answer 35

A judiciary made up of lay elders had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s law.

Question 36

Michael Servetus

Answer 36

A Unitarian Humanist from Spain, was burned at the stake 1553 for his denial of the trinity.

Question 37

Protestant Work Ethic

Answer 37

Calvinists later emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that god was pleased

Question 38

John Knox

Answer 38

Established Presbyterianism in Scotland

Question 39

Presbyterianism

Answer 39

Presbyters governed the church, became the dominant religion in Scotland

Question 40

Huguenots

Answer 40

French Calvinists, brutally suppressed in France. Especially strong among the nobility although Calvinism saw converts from every social class

Question 41

Dutch Reformed Church

Answer 41

The rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands as the dominant religion set the stage for a revolt against the inquisition of King Philip II of Spain

Question 42

Puritans

Answer 42

Pressured Elizabeth I for more reforms but were largely kept at bay. Later established colonies in America in a region the came to be known as New England.