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DRS > L2- mouth and oesophagus > Flashcards

L2- mouth and oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

The function of the mouth and oesophagus

- these functions depends on the presence of saliva

A 
-chewing (mastication
taste
swallowing 
lubrication 
digestion 
speech 
protection of the body against cavities in the mouth
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2
Q

what glands can saliva come from

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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3
Q

structure of the salivary glands

A
  • acinar cells - produces enzymes
  • goblet cells - produce mucus, water and electroyltes
  • like the structure of exocrine glands
  • the acinus is put into intercalated ducts then into striated ducts then excretory ducts then large collecting ducts that opens into the mouth.
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4
Q

features of parotid glands

A
  • largest one of glands
  • have only serous cells
  • produces watery secretion
  • high content of alpha amylase but little mucous
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5
Q

features of submandibular

A
  • have mixed serous and mucous cells

- viscous secretion containing aplha maylase and lysosomes

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6
Q

features of sublingual

A
  • have mucous cells in the acini

- producecs viscous and mucous secretions

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7
Q

why is mucous produced in terms of its roles

A
  • lubrication of the food going down
  • hydration of the oral cavity
  • cytoprotection against damage and pathogens
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8
Q

composition of the saliva

A
  • ions
    -water
    -calcium phosphates
    -enzymes
    -glycoproteins
    immunoglobulins
    -
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9
Q

immune function of the saliva

A
  • has immunoglobulins that protects against the pathogens

-

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10
Q

what is there for the protection role of the saliva

A
  • lysozyme - attacks the batcerial cell wall
  • lactroferrin - binds to iron
  • IgA- binds to pathogenic antigen
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11
Q

why is the saliva alkaline

A
  • acinar cells secretes K and HCO3 ions and extracts Na and Cl ions
  • is alkaline because it protects the teeth against bacterial acid and neutralises the stomach acids
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12
Q

what part of the NS controls the saliva secretions

A

PNS predominantly - 7th and 9th cranial nerves

-SNS for thoracic sympathetic

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13
Q

anatomy of the oesophagus (OESO)

A
  • top third is skeletal muscle or straited muscle
    -lower 2 thirds is smooth muscle
  • ## both muscles innervated by vagus nerve
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14
Q

phases of swallowing

A
  • oral preparatory phase - food reduced to be swallowed
  • oral phase - tongue propels food to the back
  • pharyngeal phase - pharyngeal swallow triggered and the food in transported down the pharynx
  • glottis (opening of the vocal cords in the windpipe) is closed
  • breathing stops momentarily
  • upper oeso shpincter (UOS) relaxes and opens to let the food through
  • oeso phase - peristalsis moves the food down the oeso to the lower oeso sphincter (LOS)
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15
Q

structure inside of the oeso

A

mucosa - innermost
inner circular
outer longitudinal muscle - outermost

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16
Q

what IS GORD

A
  • symptoms or mucosa damage produced by the reflux in the oeso
17
Q

causes of GORD

A
  • obesity
  • hiatus hernia
  • pregenancy
  • drugs that relaves LOS
18
Q

what are the two types of hernia

A
  • sliding - stomach acid goes up into the thorax

- rolling - creates a bubble in the stomach so the acid goes in there

19
Q

symptoms caused by GORD

A
  • heartburn - burning sensation
  • cough
  • dysphagia
20
Q

effects of gord

A
  • the acid reflux can irritate the mucosa of the OESO and results in
  • oesophagitis
  • stricture
  • barret’s malphasia
  • oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC)
21
Q

diagnosis

A

-pH monitoring

22
Q

treatment of GORD

A
  • weight loss
  • decrease acid by proton pump inhibitors and H2 inhibitors
  • surgery for anti reflux
23
Q

how is BM developed

A

the oeso is irritated by the reflux and becomes erosive oesophagitis

  • then becomes BM
  • the epithelium of the oeso changes from squamous to columnar
24
Q

diagnosis for detection of having a risk towards OAC

A
  • swallowing a capsule which is degrdaed by the acid and becomes a sponge
  • the sponge is taken upwards and scraps the cells off the oeso
  • those cells can be used for detection since we can see if it changed from squamous to columnar

DRS (18 decks)

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