digestion

Question 1

bolus

Answer 1

mouth rolls food into a bolus to push it towards the phyrnx

Question 2

phyrnx

Answer 2

• the throat

invvoluntarily pushes bolus towards the esophogus (swallowing)

Question 3

epiglottis

Answer 3

Small muscle that covers the larynx, prevents food from entering wind pipe
covers the trachea muscle

Question 4

esophogus

Answer 4

muscular tube that connects the pharynx(throat) to the stomac
moves food bolus to the stomach through involuntary muscle contractions (peristalsis)
secretes mucus for lubrication

Question 5

peristalsis

Answer 5

moves food bolus to the stomach through involuntary muscle contractions (in the esophogus)

Question 6

stomach

Answer 6

chemically breaks down materials through acids

• Lower esophageal sphincter prevents bolus from re entering the esophogus (looks like a pinch at the tube entering the stomach)
• stomach contracts to mix the food with gastric secretions (mucus, gastrin, HCI, pesinogen)
• pyloric sphincter controls the flow of chyme (stomach acid) into the duodenum (beginning of the small entestine)

Question 7

small intestine

Answer 7

absorbs nutrients, vitamins, water, ions

ORDER:

1. Duodenum (receives bile from gallblader or liver, and enzymes from pancreas)
2. jejunum (digestion finishes, absorption takes place)
3. Illium (absoption)
   * ***90% of absorption happens in the jejunum and Ileum 10% happens in stomach and large intestine

• intestinal glands secrete enzymes, horomones and mucus to aid digestion
• mesentry attaches and puts the small intestine into place

vili, little folds, help absorption by increasing surface area

Question 8

large intestine

Answer 8

connects to ileum by ileocecal valve

• absorbs water,vitamis, not a lot of food
• forms feces

SECTIONS:
1. ascending, transverse, descending, colon (ends in rectum and anus)

Question 9

pancreas

Answer 9

lies below the stomach
releases bicarbonate ions to neutralizy chyme
secretes enzymes
secretes insulin to aid in the absorption of glucose in cells

Question 10

external respiration

Answer 10

exchange of gases between alveolie and blood

oxygen goes into the blood
carbon dioxide goes out of the lungs

Question 11

internal respiration

Answer 11

exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and normal cells

oxyegen diffuses into the cells, carbon dioxide diffuses out of them

Question 12

larynx

Answer 12

also known as the voice box

produces sounds through vibrations (made of cartilage)

Question 13

trachea

Answer 13

leads to the lungs
made of cartilage
lined with mucus
cilia sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the trachea

contains the two branches that seperate into lungs (left and right bronchi)

Question 14

bronciolies

Answer 14

tubes that branch out of the bronchi ,lined with cillia and mucus for filtering

Question 15

inhalation

Answer 15

diaphrgam contracts and moves down
intercostal muscles contract and expand ribcage
pressure in the ribs decreases, allowing air to flow in

results: volume of ribcage increases, air rushes in

Question 16

exhalation

Answer 16

diagphram relaxes, moves up
intercostal muscles relax, tightening rib cage
pressure in rib cage increases, making the rib cage smaller and expeling air

resulst: small volume of ribcage, air rushes out

Question 17

medulla oblogonta

Answer 17

involuntary breathing controlled by the ppart of the brain
chemorecpetors detect co2 levels in the blood

CO2 and water form carbonic acid in the blood, which lowers the pH
Chemoreceptors sense low pH and relay message to stimulate the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
When CO2 levels decrease, and blood pH is returned to normal, the chemoreceptors are inactivated

Question 18

hemogloobin

Answer 18

oxygen is transported by hemoglobins a protein found in red blood cells

each hemoglobin has four ions, each of which can formn a loose bond with oxygen

when heoglobin is attached to oxygen its called an oxyhemoglobin

Question 19

transportation of carbon dioxide in cells

Answer 19

Most CO2 in the blood is in the form of carbonic acid (H2CO3) or bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
Some carbon dioxide can be carried by hemoglobin

Question 20

lung volumes

Answer 20

tidal volume = amount of air that passes in and out of lungs with each breath
total lung capacity = max amount of air that can be held in lungs
experatory reserve volume = air that can be let out after exhaling
inspiratory volue = air that can be let in after inhaling normaly

Question 21

vital capactiy

Answer 21

max amount of air that can be moved in and out of your lungs (1.5 L less than than total lung capactty

Question 22

plasma

Answer 22

a fluid in which solid blood components are transported

contains dissolved proteins and nutrients

Question 23

erythrocytes

Answer 23

red blood cells
produced in the blood marrow
stored in spleen

Question 24

leukocytes

Answer 24

white blood cells
Aid in body defense mechanisms
Amoeboid-shaped
Destroy bacteria and damaged cells
Produced in bone marrow
Pus forms at a cut: live and dead WBC, bacteria

Question 25

plateletes

Answer 25

blood clotting agents
break open, releasing enzymes and other clotting mechanisms
fibrin forms a mesh to clog the wound

Scabs occur when fibrin, platelets and blood clots mesh together

Question 26

layers of the heart

Answer 26

1. smooth inside layer of the heart (endocardium)
2. middle layer (myocardium)
3. fluid sac called the pericardium

Question 27

pulmonary circuit

Answer 27

carries deoxygenated blood (enters the right atrium and then the right ventricle)

tricuspid valve prevents it from flowing backwards

then travels to the pulmonary artertyes to the lungs

Question 28

systemic circuitb

Answer 28

blood filled with oxygen leaves the aortat