Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CCN > Cardiac AP > Flashcards

Cardiac AP Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous –> Non compliant outer

Serous –> Inner, containing visceral and parietal layers and paricardial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

S&S of pericarditis?

A
  1. Decreased cardiac compliance

2. Global ST event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Layers of heart?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of blood goes in the right atrium from where?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the superior, inferior vena cava and coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of blood goes into the left atrium and from where?

A

Oxygenated blood via the 4 pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do murmur sounds in the heart originate from?

A

Turbulent blood flow in the cardiac valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the properties of myocardial cells?

A
  1. Automaticity
  2. Excitability
  3. Conductivity
  4. Contractility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is mean arterial pressure calculated?

A

MAP = Systolic BP + (2xDiastolic BP) // 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When are the coronary arteries best perfused?

A

During diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the R coronary artery perfuse?

A

Arises from aorta, perfuses RA, RV, Posterior wall of RV to intraventricular septum, AV node, SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does L coronary artery perfuse?

A

Arises from aorta, perfuses L Main Stem including L anterior descending artery and circumflex artery. Perfuses anterior LV and part of RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens if R Coronary artery is blocked?

A

RV failure, bradycardia, heart block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens if L main stem is blocked?

A

Conduction issues, LV failure, “widowmaker” lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if circumflex artery is blocked?

A

L free wall damage and ventricular aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the coronary veins do and which is the main one?

A

Venous drainage of myocardium emptying into the RA. Coronary Sinus drains the majority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are atherosclerotic plaques commonly found?

A
  1. Bifurcations

2. Small narrow vessels

17
Q

What is a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

Done by interventionist, following angiogram cardiac catheterization is done via femoral or radial artery. Stent is inserted to open vessels

18
Q

What is a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Done by cardiac surgeon, chest is opened and an artery/vein is “harvested” to be stitched onto aorta and other end of heart bypassing the blockage

19
Q

What are the common sites for CVC insertion?

A
  1. Internal jugular (most common)
  2. External jugular
  3. Brachial
  4. Femoral (not ideal)
20
Q

What is the firing rate of the various pacemakers?

A
  1. SA node (60-100)
  2. AV node (40-60)
  3. Ventricles (<40)
21
Q

What is the cardiac conduction pathway?

A
  1. Impulse arises from SA node in RA
  2. Transmitted through atrial internodal tracts
  3. AV node at floor of RA conducts with delay to provide atrial kick
  4. Bundle of His divides into LBB and RBB
  5. Purkinje fibers carry impulse throughout ventricles
22
Q

What happens during ventricular diastole?

A
  1. Blood enters passively into RA from inferior, superior vena cava
  2. Blood enters passively into LA from pulmonary veins
  3. AV valves open and ventricles fill passively (70%)
  4. Both atria “kick” filling remaining 30%
23
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A
  1. Ventricles contract, RV into pulmonary artery, LV into aorta
  2. AV valves close
  3. Semilunar valves open
  4. Backflow of blood closes semilunar valves
24
Q

What is the normal ejection fracture?

A

60-80% (healthy ventricle ejects 2/3 of volume)

25
Q

What do the heart sounds represent?

A

S1 –> Tricuspid + mitral valves closing

S2 –> Semilunar valves closing

26
Q

What is cardiac output defined as?

A

Amount of blood pumped out in L/min (usually 5-8)

CO = Stroke volume x HR

27
Q

What is stroke volume and what influences it?

A

Amount of blood pumped out per beat. Influenced by:

  1. Preload
  2. Afterload
  3. Contractility
28
Q

What law describes preload concept?

A

Frank Starling’s law: Increased stretch = increased force of contraction

29
Q

What is afterload and what can affect it?

A

Resistance met by ventricles during systole. Affected by:

  1. Stenosis
  2. HTN
  3. Regurgitation
  4. Blood viscosity
  5. Vasoconstriction, dilation
30
Q

Why is tachycardia bad?

A

Is the compensatory mechanism (SNS) for decreased CO. Tachy will decrease ventricular filling time, decreasing preload and CO, decrease coronary artery perfusion leading to myocardial ischemia

31
Q

What are cardiac baroreceptors?

A

Found in carotid sinus and aortic arch, they regulate BP using PSNS / SNS by vasoconstriction or vasodilation

32
Q

What does Atrial Natriueretic Peptide and Brain Natriueretic Peptide do?

A

Released when sensing increased fluid volume. Starts vasodilation and natural diuresis by not reabsorbing Na+ in the kidneys resulting in H20 following

CCN (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions