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VBSC 211: The Immune System > Exam 7: Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Exam 7: Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of C1r?

A

To cleave both itself, the other C1r, and both C1s molecules

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2
Q

What is the ultimate goal of B cell activation?

A

To differentiate the B cell into a plasma cell

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3
Q

Why is transcytosis an important process for infants?

A
  1. Allows IgA in mother’s milk to be taken up by the gut of the infant
  2. Allows IgG to be taken up through the placenta and delivered into the fetal blood stream
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4
Q

What receptor do mast cells have that allow them to tightly bind IgE?

A

FceR1

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5
Q

What part of the B cell activates FOS?

A

B-cell receptor

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6
Q

What signal is required for class switching to occur?

A

The CD40-CD40L signal

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7
Q

How do antibodies function?

A

Antibodies target pathogens for killing by non-specific aspects of the immune system

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8
Q

What are zymogens?

A

Inactive, ciruclating forms of the complement enzymes

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9
Q

What is the role of CD19?

A

Signaling component

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10
Q

What are the four movements that can be observed in the IgG molecule?

A

Waving, Rotating, Wagging, and Bending

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11
Q

What is the role of CD81?

A

Localize co-receptor complex

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12
Q

What two signals are needed for a B cell to be activated?

A
  1. Binding of specific antigen by the BCR

2. B cell co-receptor signals

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13
Q

What are TI-2 antigens?

A

Repetitive carbohydrate antigens that extensively crosslink the BCR so second signals are not required

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14
Q

What is the role of CR2?

A

Receptor for complement

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15
Q

What do germinal center B cells do during late infection?

A

Become memory B cells

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16
Q

What happens to B cells that do not move into the medullary cords?

A

They form a germinal center and start to proliferate to form centroblasts

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17
Q

How is Syk activated?

A

Lyn phosphorylates Syk, allowing it to bind to phosphorylated ITAMs

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18
Q

Which form of IgA does the poly-Ig receptor bind?

A

The IgA dimer

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19
Q

What interaction between B and T cells must occur in order for B cells to undergo affinity maturation, class switch, and memory B cell formation?

A

B cells must bind specific antigen, internalize it, process it, and present Class II MHC peptides to CD4+ T cells

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20
Q

What happens if activated B cells move directly into the medullary cords?

A

They differentiate into plasma cells that only express IgM and have not undergone somatic hypermutation or affinity maturation

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21
Q

What are TI-1 antigens?

A

Antigens that activate other receptors in addition to the BCR

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22
Q

Why do T-independent antigens not require T cell help?

A

These antigens are repetitive and made up of polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, and peptidoglycans

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23
Q

In what cells does somatic hypermutation occur?

A

Centroblasts

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24
Q

What is the main problem with TI-2 antigens?

A

They elicit only an IgM response and are often responded to by B1 B cells, which cannot produce memory B cells

25
Q

What do germinal center B cells do during early infection?

A

Migrate to other sites and become plasma cells

26
Q

What are immune complexes?

A

Antibody-antigen complexes that form when antibodies bind soluble self-antigens

27
Q

What part of the B cell activates JUN?

A

CD19

28
Q

What is the role of C1s?

A

To cleave C4 into C4b and C4a and to cleave C2 into C2b and C2a

29
Q

What antigens are T-dependent?

A

Protein antigens

30
Q

How do bacterial toxins aid in infection?

A

They block the immune response by killing immune cells, inducing vascular permeability, and affecting cells in the gut

31
Q

What cells make up the “dark zone” of a germinal center?

A

Proliferating centroblasts

32
Q

What happens if immune complexes are not cleared from circulation?

A

They can aggregate in the kidney and impair function

33
Q

What receptor transports IgG into the tissues?

A

FcRB

34
Q

How is the classical complement pathway activated?

A

By an antibody binding to a pathogen

35
Q

What molecule is secreted by T cells and helps induce B cell proliferation?

A

IL-4

36
Q

Where does affinity maturation occur?

A

In the germinal center

37
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which antibodies identify pathogens?

A
  1. Fc region of the antibody interacts with specific cells

2. Antibodies activate the complement system

38
Q

How many binding sites does IgM have for the C1 complex?

A

5

39
Q

What signals for mast cells to release granules?

A

The cross-linkage of two IgE molecules by an antigen

40
Q

How do NK cells function in the innate immune response?

A

Fc receptors on NK cells recognize antibody coated target cells, leading to the release of cytolytic vesicles and antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

41
Q

What cells make up the “light zone” of a germinal cetner?

A

Non-dividing centrocytes

42
Q

What three things are triggered by Fc-Fc receptor interactions?

A
  1. Uptake of the antigen followed by its destruction in the phagolysosome
  2. Release of nitric oxide and ROS
  3. Release of hydrolytic and microbicidal peptides
43
Q

Where are activated B cells kept within the lymph node?

A

In the T cell area, where they can interact with helper T cells

44
Q

How do antibodies target pathogens?

A

Antibodies neutralize toxins and viruses and opsonize other pathogens

45
Q

Which two antibody isotypes are especially good at fixing complement?

A

IgM and IgG3

46
Q

What complement fragment does CR2 bind to?

A

C3d

47
Q

How are centrocytes selected for?

A

Centrocytes must bind and process antigen and interact with a TH2 cell in order to receive the survival signal

48
Q

What are iccosomes?

A

Bundles of pieces of membrane coated with immune complexes

49
Q

Why must C1 bind multiple adjacent IgG molecules?

A

Because IgG molecules have only one binding site for C1

50
Q

What antigens are T-independent?

A

Non-protein antigens

51
Q

What facilitates activation of the B cell co-receptor?

A

Phosphorylation of CD19 by Lyn kinase

52
Q

Which B cell components contain ITAM motifs?

A

The IgAlpha and IgBeta proteins

53
Q

What portion of an antibody do Fc receptors bind to?

A

The constant region

54
Q

What two chains make up a toxin?

A

One chain that binds a cellular receptor and a second chain that has the toxic activity

55
Q

What proteins make up the B cell co-receptor?

A

CR2, CD19, and CD81

56
Q

What is the role of C1q?

A

To bind to the Fc portion of the antibody

57
Q

How are immune complexes cleared from circulation?

A

CR1 on erythrocytes bind immune complexes and transport them to the spleen and liver to be cleared by phagocytes

58
Q

How is a pathogen (or toxin) destroyed once identified by an antibody?

A

Specific receptors on phagocytes recognize the Fc portion of the antibody and stimulate internalization of the antibody-antigen complex

VBSC 211: The Immune System (10 decks)

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