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Y2 Respiratory > Respiratory pharmacology > Flashcards

Respiratory pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Name some groups of drugs that act on the respiratory system

A
  • Bronchodilators/constrictors
  • Surfactants
  • Anti-tussives
  • Mucolytics
  • Expectorants
  • Decongestants
  • Drugs acting on the respiratory centre
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2
Q

How does acting on the sympathetic and para-sympathetic NS effect bronchiole dilation?

A

Sympathetic - Bronchodilation

Para-sympathetic - Bronchoconstriction

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3
Q

What acts as a response to irritant receptors?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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4
Q

In the sympathetic NS bronchodilation is mediated by what?

A

B2 adrenoreceptor stimulation in smooth muscle

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5
Q

Parasympathetic bronchoconstriction acts via?

A

Vagal stimulation of smooth muscle muscarinic receptors

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6
Q

Which nervous system increased mucus production in the airways?

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect the cillia/airways?

A

Increases mucociliary clearance by causing the cilia in the airways to beat faster and reduces the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells

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8
Q

What are all drugs that affect the sympathetic nervous system called?

A

Adrenoreceptor agonists

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9
Q

Name the systemic adrenoreceptor agonists

Which receptors do they affect?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

α1 α2 β1 β2

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10
Q

Name 2 other drugs that are non-selective adrenoreceptor agonists

A

Ephedrine

Isoproterenol

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11
Q

Which drug group are preferred when bronchoconstriction is required?

A

β2-selective agonists

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12
Q

Name some drugs examples of β2-selective agonists

A
  • Terbutaline
  • Albuterol
  • Clenbuterol
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13
Q

Where are β2 receptors found?

A 
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac arterioles
Uterine smooth muscle
GI tract
Liver
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14
Q

What are the effects of β2 stimulation?

A
  • Bronchodilation
  • Uterine relaxation
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Vasodilation
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15
Q

Which of the β2 drugs is highly selective?

A

Terbutaline

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16
Q

Which of the β2 drugs can ONLY be administered orally?

A

Clenbuterol

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17
Q

What effect will adrenoreceptor antagonists have on bronchodilation? Give an example of one that would be used in practice

A

Bronchoconstriction

Beta Blockers - cardiac tachyarrhythmias

18
Q

Name the group of parasympathetic drugs and what they are used for

A

Anticholinergics
Parasympathetic antagonists
Causes bronchodilation

19
Q

Name 2 other respiratory effects of anticholinergics

A
  • Reduced sensitivity of irritant receptors

- Reduced mucus production

20
Q

Give examples of systemic effects of anticholinergics

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Reduced GI motility
  • Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
  • Hypertension
21
Q

Give an example of an anticholinergic drug and how it is administered

A

Ipratropium

Topical

22
Q

Name the group of drugs that enhance the action of the parasympathetic system

A

Cholinergics

23
Q

How do indirect cholinergics increase the activity of the parasympathetic system?

A

By inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase to increase acetylcholine at the synapse

24
Q

Name the cholinergic drug used systemically for bladder atony

A

Bethanechol

25
Q

What effects do cholinergics have on the respiratory system?

A

Bronchoconstriction

Increased mucous secretion

26
Q

Describe the action of methylxanthines

A
  • Act directly on smooth muscle
  • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and adenosine agonists which increased cAMP
  • Cause bronchodilation
27
Q

Name the methylxanthine drug which administered orally, explain why it can be associated with CNS side effects

A

Theophylline

It is able to penetrate the blood:brain barrier

28
Q

What are the effects of cAMP on smooth muscle?

A

Interferes with myosin light chain kinase causing relaxation (bronchodilation)
Also leads to reduced inflammatory mediator release, stabilisation of mast cells and increased chemoreceptor sensitivity to PaCO2

29
Q

When may is be appropriate to use an anti-tussive?

A

If coughing is making an animal become exhausted, or if the coughing is non-productive

30
Q

How to direct anti-tussives work?

A

Suppress a cough directly through the medulla oblongata

31
Q

How do indirect anti-tussives work?

A

Reduction of the stimulus to cough by reducing inflammation and relieving bronchoconstriction

32
Q

Name the 2 direct anti-tussive drugs and state which is more effective

A

Codeine

Butorphanol - 100x more effective

33
Q

What are surfactants generated from and when are they used?

A

Lipid molecules generated from bovine lung extract

Treats neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

34
Q

What is the role of mucolytics?

A

Decreases viscosity of bronchial secretions and improves clearance

35
Q

How does bromhexine HCl work as a mucolytic?

A
  • enhances hydrolysis of mucopolysaccharides

- increases pulmonary alveolar permeability

36
Q

How does N-acetylcysteine act as a mucolytic?

A

Breaks disulphide bonds between mucus molecules

37
Q

Which mucolytic drugs is effective in the presence of an infection or inflammation?

A

N-acetylcysteine

38
Q

What is the function of expectorants and how do they work?

A

Increase the fluidity of bronchial secretions as they irritate the gastric mucosa and increase vagal tone

39
Q

What is the function of decongestants?

A

Reduce the thickness of the nasal mucosa to enable easier passage of air

40
Q

Name the 2 decongestant drugs

A

H1 antihistamines

Sympathomimetics

41
Q

Which drug acts as a respiratory stimulant, what are its effects?

A

Doxapram

  • increases RR and tidal volume
  • increases chemoreceptor sensitivity
  • increases adrenaline release

Y2 Respiratory (4 decks)

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