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Anatomy and Physiology > Blood and Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Blood and Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Platelets are pieces of what bigger cells?

A

Megakaryocyte

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2
Q

What is preload?

A

How much pressure is in the ventricles before blood is sent out to circulation

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3
Q

What is afterload?

A

Amount of resistance the heart must overcome to push the aortic valve and allow blood into circulation

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4
Q

What are 3 factors associated with stroke volume?

A

Preload, afterload, systemic vascular resistance

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5
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate * stroke volume

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6
Q

What does preload give an indicator of?

A

Diastolic volume

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7
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the ventricules

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8
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of ventricles

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9
Q

What does afterload give an indicator of?

A

Inotropy

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10
Q

What is the main circulating blood protein?

A

Albumin

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11
Q

What do the subclavian arteries supply blood to and what do they branch off of?

A

Supplies blood to thorax, head, neck, shoulder, arms.

Branches off of aortic arch on the left, brachiocephalic trunk on the right

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12
Q

What do the carotid arteries supply blood to? Where is it located?

A

Brain, neck and face.

Either side of the neck

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13
Q

What is the main artery?

A

Aorta

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14
Q

What is the largest vein?

A

Vena cava

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15
Q

Blood comes from the caudal and cranial vena cava into which chamber of the right?

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

What is the blood flow through the 4 chambered heart?

A

Right atrium, tricuspid valve (RAV, RSLV(), right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral (bicuspid) valve, left ventricle, aortic valve

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17
Q

Where does the cranial vena cava drain into?

A

From systemic circulation from in front of the diaphragm to the Right atrium

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18
Q

Where does the caudal vena cava drain into?

A

From Systemic circulation from behind the diaphragm into the Right atrium

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19
Q

What does the coronary artery supply blood to?

A

The heart muscle

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20
Q

Where does the azygous vein carry blood?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the dorsal thorax and abdomen into the cranial vena cava

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21
Q

Right and left common carotid arteries supply blood to where?

A

The neck, face and brain

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22
Q

What is the largest face artery supplying blood to the brain?

A

Maxillary artery

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23
Q

What artery supplies the forebrain, midbrain and rostral cerebellum?

A

Circle of Willis

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24
Q

What does the jugular vein supply?

A

Neck, face and chest

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25
Q

Femoral arteries supply blood to where?

A

Hind legs and feet

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26
Q

Saphenous veins drain blood from where?

A

Hind legs and feet

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27
Q

What vein drains the liver?

A

Hepatic vein

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28
Q

Portal veins drains blood to liver from what organs?

A

Spleen and GI tract

29
Q

What blood vessels are on either side of the spine?

A

Right and left ventral internal vertebral venous plexus

30
Q

The internal Iliac artery and vein supplies/drains blood from where?

A

Pelvis, pelvic organs, reproductive organs, medial thigh

31
Q

What vessels connect veins and arteries, and where gas exchange of the blood takes place?

A

Capillaries

32
Q

What is the right AV valve called?

A

Tricuspid valve

33
Q

What do the chordae tendonae do?

A

Help open and close the heart valves

34
Q

What is the left AV valve called?

A

Bicuspid/mitral valve

35
Q

What is the right semilunar valve called?

A

Pulmonary valve

36
Q

What is the left semilunar valve called?

A

Aortic valve

37
Q

Coronary veins join together in the heart to make the coronary sinus, which drains where?

A

Into the right atrium

38
Q

The SA node is located where?

A

In the right atrium

39
Q

What are the 3 common venipuncture sites for cats?

A

Jugular, medial femoral, cephalic

40
Q

What are the 3 common venipuncture sites for dogs?

A

Jugular, lateral saphenous, cephalic

41
Q

What component in the blood contains iron which carries oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

42
Q

What hormone triggers erythropoiesis?

A

Glucose

43
Q

What are the 5 main WBC?

A

Lymphocytes, Neutrophil, monocyte, basophil, eosinophil

44
Q

Blood storage occurs in which part of the spleen?

A

Red pulp

45
Q

Lymph vessels join and empty lymph into the vena cava via the:

A

Thoracic duct

46
Q

Lymph formed in the GI tract is called what?

A

Chyle

47
Q

What are the 4 main organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, GALT

48
Q

What kind of cells line the heart?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

49
Q

Which protein is important in keeping oncotic pressure in the blood vessels?

A

Albumin

50
Q

What is inotropy?

A

Strength of contraction

51
Q

What is the normal blood pressure of dogs and cats?

A

Systolic: 90-150 mm Hg
Diastolic: 60-90 mm Hg

52
Q

How much blood do the ventricles push out during each contraction normally?

A

50-60%

53
Q

Where is the fat covering the heart?

A

Along the atrioventricular septum

54
Q

What happens during a heart attack?

A

Blood clot goes out the aorta and into the coronary arteries and blocks blood flow to the heart

55
Q

When the myocardium is injured, what needs to be kept in mind?

A

Scarring will form, and too much scarring can hamper muscle contraction

56
Q

What are the 2 large arteries coming off the ascending aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic and left subclavian artery

57
Q

What 3 electrolytes play a role in cardiac conduction?

A

Sodium, calcium and potassium

58
Q

Describe the AV node, bundle of His and Purkinje fibers.

A

The AV node is located in the R atrium, which branches across the AV septum as the Bundle of His, down around the ventricles, at which point it’s the Purkinje fibers.

59
Q

Where does the electrical contraction begin?

A

Right atrium

60
Q

What kind of inner layer do all vessels have?

A

Simple squamous epithelium, continuous with the endothelium lining the heart

61
Q

What is the outer layer of blood vessels composed of? What do those help do?

A

Collagen fibers and connective tissue

Prevents vessel walls from tearing, allows flexibility, anchors vessels, keep lumen open.

62
Q

The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from and to where?

A

From the placenta to the fetus

63
Q

The foramen ovale in a fetus allows what, and where is it located?

A

Allows blood to bypass the lungs, flowing from the right atrium directly into the left atrium. Some does flow into the bicuspid valve and into the pulmonary artery.
Located between the atria.

64
Q

Blood from the pulmonary artery can flow into the ductus arteriosus in a fetus and drains into where?

A

The aorta

65
Q

Deoxygenated blood travels back to the placenta via:

A

The umbilical artery

66
Q

What is the P wave?

A

depolarization of the R atrium

67
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

68
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

69
Q

What’s the difference between pulse and heart rate?

A

Pulse is the rate of stretching and recoiling of the elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through it. Heart rate is the speed of contractions of the heart measured in beats.

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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