Cardiovascular

Question 1

Coronary Artery Disease(CAD)

Answer 1

Diagnosis: Physical exam, ECG, stress test, nuclear imaging, angiography, treadmill testing, cardiac cathetarization, CT, Thallium or Cardolite scan
Treatment: Vasodilators, angioplasty, hypolipidemic drugs, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, anticoagulants, coronary artery bypass surgery, gene therapy, diet, exercise

Question 2

Angina Pectoris

Answer 2

Diagnosis: ECG, similar to CAD
Treatment: Cease strenous activity, nitroglycerin tablets or spray

Question 3

Myocardial Infarction(MI)

Answer 3

Diagnosis: History, exam, ECG changes in PR and QRS complexes respond to ischemic area, chest radiography, lab tests for cardiac enzymes
Treatment: Oxygen administration, morphine, aspirin, basil dilation, thrombolytic drugs, angioplasty

Question 4

Cardiac Arrest

Answer 4

Diagnosis: Absence of respiration effort, lack of palpable pulse, ECG(shows ventricular fibrillation or asystole)
Treatment: CPR(within 4-6 minutes), AED, antiarrythmic drugs, epinephrine

Question 5

Essential Hypertension/Primary Hypertension

Answer 5

Diagnosis: Blood pressure elevation(Systolic >140mmhg, Diastolic >90mmhg)
Treatment: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, basil dilators, CCBs, lifestyle modifications

Question 6

Malignant Hypertension

Answer 6

Diagnosis: Blood pressure elevation(Systolic > 200mmhg, Diastolic > 120mmhg)
Treatment: Intravenous vasodilators, monitor blood pressure, drug therapy

Question 7

Congestive Heart Failure(CHF)

Answer 7

Diagnosis: Medical history, physical examination, breathing sounds, radiography, ECG, echocardiogram, cathetarization
Treatment: Reduce heart workload, digitalis preparations, ACE inhibitors and arbs, diuretics, basil dilators,

Question 8

Cor Pulmonale

Answer 8

Diagnosis: History(of pulmonary disease, hypoxia), radiography, echocardiography, ECG, blood tests
Treatment: Bronchodilators, oxygen, bed rest, digitalis preparations, diuretics(for edema), anticoagulants, phlebotomy(polycythemia), low salt diet

Question 9

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 9

Diagnosis: Physical exam, blood tests(abgs), radiography
Treatment: Fowler’s position, supplemental oxygen, diuretics, vasodilators, beta adrenergic drugs(Dilate bronchioles, control bronchial spasms), mechanical ventilation(for severe cases)

Question 10

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 10

Diagnosis: Medical history, physical tests, radiography, ECG, echocardiography, cardiac cathetarization, biopsy
Treatment: Dilated(antiarrhythmic drugs, digitalis, anticoagulants, limit activities), Hypertrophic(reduce heart workload, beta adrenergic blockers, ccbs, ACE inhibitors), Restrictive(reduce workload of heart)

Question 11

Pericarditis

Answer 11

Diagnosis: Blood test, ECG, echocardiogram, cardiac cathetarization(chronic)
Treatment: Manage underlying disease, reduce inflammation and pain, bed rest, analgesics, antipyretics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antibiotics, surgical drainage, aspiration

Question 12

Myocarditis

Answer 12

Diagnosis: Blood test(Elevated WBC, ESR, cardiac enzymes), radiography, ECG, Biopsy
Treatment: Anti-infective agents, rest and reduce heart workload, antiarrythmia medications, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, supplemental oxygen

Question 13

Endocarditis

Answer 13

Diagnosis: CBC(Leukocytosis, elevated ESR), blood tests, echocardiogram, ECG
Treatment: Anti-infective therapy, antipyretics, anticoagulants, bed rest, surgical repair or replacement

Question 14

Rheumatic Fever

Answer 14

Diagnosis: Patient history(of upper respiratory tract infections), exam, Blood test(increase in WBC, cardiac enzymes, ESR)
Treatment: Antibiotics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory agents, bed rest

Question 15

Mitral Stenosis

Answer 15

Diagnosis: Cardiac murmur, echocardiogram
Treatment: Limit sodium, theoretics, anticoagulants, digoxin, surgical intervention, valve replacement

Question 16

Mitral Insufficiency

Answer 16

Diagnosis: Medical History, heart murmur on auscultation, echocardiogram, ECG, radiography, cathetarization,
Treatment: Bed rest, Supplemental oxygen, antibiotics, surgical repair, replacement of valve

Question 17

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Answer 17

Diagnosis: Routine exam, auscultation(click murmur syndrome), cardiogram
Treatment: Beta blockers, avoid smoking, caffeine and large meals, usually doesn’t required for asymptomatic patients

Question 18

Arrythmias

Answer 18

Diagnosis: ECG, echocardiogram, holter monitor
Treatment: Cessation of drugs causing arrythmias, anticoagulants, supplemental oxygen, cardiac electric shock, cardiac ablation, pacemaker

Question 19

Shock

Answer 19

Diagnosis: Through history and medical exam
Treatment: Maintain open airwar, establish ventilation, control bleeding, surgery for internal, supine position with legs and feet elevated, keep warm, volume replacement if needed

Question 20

Cardiogenic Shock

Answer 20

Diagnosis: Medical history and exam, ECG, radiography
Treatment: Same as treatment for shock, medications that increase efficiency of myocardium, intra-aortic balloon pump

Question 21

Cardiac Tamponade(Cardiac Compression)

Answer 21

Diagnosis: Patient history, exam, muffled or distant heart sounds, breath sounds normal
Treatment: Insert needle into pericardial space to withdraw blood, surgery to repair leak