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BIOLOGY > BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Flashcards

1
Q

what elements make carbohydrates?

A

CHO

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2
Q

what are monosacharrides?

A

small simple reducing sugars that are soluble in water

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3
Q

what are disacharrides?

A

double sugars formed from two monosacharrides and are reducing and non reducing

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4
Q

what are polysacharrides?

A

large molecules formed from many monosacharrides and aren’t soluble in water

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5
Q

what is the formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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6
Q

what two molecules make up maltose?

A

two alpha glucose molecules linked by a glycosedic bond through a condensation reaction

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7
Q

what two molecules make sucrose?

A

fructose and alpha glucose linked by a glycosedic bond through a condensation reaction

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8
Q

what is amylose starch?

A

long, unbranched chains of alpha glucose forming a helix held by hydrogen bonds with 1-4 glycosedic bonds

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9
Q

what is amylopectin starch?

A

long branched chain of alpha glucose with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosedic bonds

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10
Q

what is glycogen?

A

similar to amylopectin with more branches

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11
Q

what is cellulose?

A

a polymer of beta glucose linked by 1-4 glycosedic bonds

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12
Q

what are microfibrils?

A

they’re cross linked together by hydrogen bonds forming cellulose fibers

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13
Q

what are the functions of carbs in living organisms?

A

glucose is used in respiration
sucrose is used in translocation
starch is the main food store in plants
glycogen is the energy reserve in liver and muscle cells
cellulose in used to make up the cell wall

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14
Q

what elements make lipids?

A

CHO

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15
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

unsaturated has a double bond between carbon atoms

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16
Q

what are triglycerides made up of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids formed by a condensation reaction forming ester bonds

17
Q

animal triglycerides contain:

A

saturated fatty acids (fat)

18
Q

plant triglycerides contain:

A

unsaturated fatty acids (oil)

19
Q

what are phospholipids make up of?

A

1 phosphate group, 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids

20
Q

what are the properties of the phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

21
Q

what are the functions of lipids?

A

efficient energy stores
act as a heat insulator as fat stored under the skin
protect and support organs

22
Q

what elements make up proteins?

A

CHON

23
Q

what is the monomer for proteins?

A

amino acids

24
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20, they vary in their R group

25
Q

what is a dipeptide?

A

when two amino acids link together by a condensation reaction forming a peptide bond

26
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

27
Q

what is a primary structure?

A

the simple sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain linked by peptide bonds

28
Q

what is a secondary structure?

A

folding of a polypeptide forming an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet held by hydrogen bonds

29
Q

what is a tertiary structure?

A

folding of a polypeptide into a 3D shaped protein held by hydrogen, ionic, disulfide and hydrophobic bonds

30
Q

what is a quaternary structure?

A

when two or more polypeptide chains are held together forming one protein

31
Q

what is a globular protein?

A

when the molecules of a polypeptide curl up and form a spherical ball shape. example, enzymes

32
Q

what is a fibrous protein?

A

a protein with a long, thin structure and high tensile strength and insoluble in water. example, collagen and keratin

33
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

a globular protein with 4 polypeptide chains that carries oxygen in RBC’s

34
Q

how is hemoglobin soluble?

A

its hydrophilic R groups point towards the center

its hydrophobic R groups point outwards on the surface

35
Q

what is collagen?

A

3 polypeptide chains in helix form. it has high tensile strength and is insoluble in water.

36
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A 
forms body tissues and cell membranes
forms enzymes
forms antibodies
forms hormones
forms hemoglobin
37
Q

what is the formula for water?

A

H2O

38
Q

what is the role of water in living organisms?

A

it is a good solvent and can transport substances

has a high surface tension and cohesion which allows small organisms to live on the surface

has a high specific heat capacity as a large amount of energy is needed to raise the temperature of water this makes it provide a stable environment for aquatic life

has a high latent heat of vaporization as a large amount of energy is needed to convert water to gas which makes it a good coolant

water density decreases below 4 degrees which makes ice float and insulate the water under it which is good for aquatic life

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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