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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

External

A 
VULVA
Mons pubis
Labia min and maj
Clit
Vaginal orifice
Urethral orifice
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2
Q

Internal

A

Vag
Uterus
Fallopian t
Ovaries

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3
Q

Triangular eminence in front of pubic bones
Consists adipose
Covered by hair-bearing skin up to its jxn w abdominal wall

A

Mons pubis

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4
Q

Pair of fibroadipose folds

Extends from mons downward to meet in midline in front of anus at the posterior fourchette

A

Labia majora

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5
Q

Bet lab maj wc they merge posteriorly and separated into 2 folds to clitoris anteriorly

Unite to form
Anterior: prepuce of clit
Posterior: frenulum

Hairless
Very vascular
Posterior forms vestibule of vag

A

Labia minora

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6
Q

Erectile organ
2-3 cm length

2 cruca 2 corpora cavernosa covered by sensitive rounded tubercle (glans)

A

Clit

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7
Q

Surrounded by hymen

Variable crescentic mucous mem that is replaced by rounded caruncles after rupture

On each side of vestibule lies the opening of greater vestibular glands (BARTHOLIN)

A

Vaginal orifice

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8
Q

Immediately anterior to vaginal orifice
2-3 cm beneath clit
Posterior surface are found the openings of SKENE or paraurethral gland

A

Urethral orifice

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9
Q

Blood supply of vagina

A

Vaginal artery

Branches from uterine, middle rectal and internal pudendal arteries

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10
Q

Hollow fibromuscular tube extending from vulvar vestibule to the uterus

A

Vag

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11
Q

Fibromuscular organ divided into upper corpus or uterine body and lower cervix

A

Uterus

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12
Q

Accommodation of conceptus, support for implantation & dev

A

Fxn of uterus

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13
Q

Endometrium layers

A

Deep basal

Superficial

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14
Q

This changes little thru the mens cycle

Not shed at mens

A

Deep basal

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15
Q

A hormone sensitive layer

Proliferates in resp to estrogen
Becomes secretory im resp to progesterone

Shed at end of mens and regenerates from cells in the basal layer

A

Superficial fxnal layer

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16
Q

As progesterone fall at end of mens, they respond by

A

Constriction

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17
Q

The superficial layer becomes ischemic and undergoes necrosis which causes

A

Shedding and hemorrhage = menstruation

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18
Q

Anteriorly, bladder lies over the isthmic and cervical regions of uterus

A

Laterally, the broad ligament inserts into cervix and corpus

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19
Q

A double layer of peritoneum covering the neurovascular supply of uterus

A

Broad ligament

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20
Q

Uterus blood supply

A

Uterine artery wc anastomoses freely w ovarian and vaginal arteries

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21
Q

Hollow 7-12cm length

Representing the proximal unfused ends of Mullerian duct
Covered by peritoneum

Connected to upper margin of broad ligament thru its mesentery (mesosalpinx)

A

Fallopian tubes

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22
Q

Fxns of fallopian t

A

Ovum pick up
Site of fertilization
Provides physical environment for conception and transport
And nourishment for fertilized ovum

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23
Q

Parts of fallopian tube

A

Interstitial - narrowest; lies within uterine cavity; forms tubal ostia at the endometrial cavity

Isthmus - narrow segment closest to uterine wall

Ampulla - larger diameter segment lateral to isthmus

Fimbria - funnel shaped abdominal ostia of the tubes; opening into peritoneal cav (fingerlike)

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24
Q

Lined by ciliated columnar epithelium

Inner circ outer longi muscularis

A

Fallopian t

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25
Q

Fallopian tube blood supply

A

Uterine and ovarian arteries

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26
Q

Paired gonadal structure that lies suspended bet pelvic wall and uterus by:

infundibulopelvic ligament laterally and uteri-ovarian ligament medially

A

Ovaries

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27
Q

Ovaries average size

A

5x3x3 cm

Covered by flatted cuboidal to low columnar epithelium

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28
Q

Composed of specialized stroma and ovarian follicles in various stages of dev

A

CORTEX of ovaries

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29
Q

Composed of fibroblasts loosely embedded in collagen rich meshwork and cont BV lymph and nerve fibers

A

MEDULLA of ovaries

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30
Q

BV of ovaries

A

Ovarian artery which anastomoses w uterine artery

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31
Q

Ovaries fxn

A

Follicle storage and maturation (oogenesis cycle)

Sex steroid prodxn: estradiol, prog and androgens

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32
Q

Physiologic actions of estradiol and progestins

A

Developmental effects
Neuroendocrine actions involved in ctrl of ovulation
Cyclical prep of reproductive tract for fertilization & implantation
Major actions on mineral (Ca) CHO CHON lipid

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33
Q

Most potent naturally occurring estrogen followed by estrone and estriol

A

17b-Estradiol

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34
Q

Formed from either androstenedione or testosterone as immediate precursors

Secreted in the ovary mainly by developing follicles

Acts on endocervical glands to produce abundant watery secr (easily pen by sperm)

A

Estrogen

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35
Q

Secreted by ovary mainly from corpus luteum

Resp for dev of secretory endometrium

Important for maintenance of preg

Suppresses mens and uterine contractility

Influences endocervical glands to prod scanty secretions wc decrease penetration of cervix by sperms

Brings abt proliferation of breast acini

A

Progestins

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36
Q

Biosynthetic pathway for estrogen

A

Dehydroepiadrosterone –> 16a hyep –> 16a hyan –> ESTRIOL

Aromatose
Dehydroepiadrosterone –> androstenedione –> estrone –> ESTRIOL
Dehydroepiadrosterone –> testosterone –> estradiol –> ESTRIOL

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37
Q

Cordlike below uterolubal jxn

Extends thru internal inguinal ring into labia majora

A

Round ligament

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38
Q

Double reflection of peritoneum stretching from lateral pelvic sidewalls to uterus

A

Broad ligament

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39
Q

Extends from lateral aspect of upper part of cervix and vagina to pelvic wall
Major support of uterus

A

Cardinal liga

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40
Q

Extends from upper of cervix posteriorly to third sacral vertebra

A

Uterosacral liga

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41
Q

From adnexa to lateral pelvic sidewalls

contains ovarian vessels

A

Infundibulopelvic liga

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42
Q

Runs in broad liga from uterine pole of ovary to inferior angle of uterotubal jxn

A

Ovarian liga

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43
Q

Average length of human follicular phase

A

10-14 days

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44
Q

Released by basophils of anterior pituitary

Stimulates sev primary follicles to mature into secondary follicles

A

FSH

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45
Q

As more fluid is produced, individual droplets of liquor folliculi coalesce to form a single fluid filled chamber

A

ANTRUM

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46
Q

Granulosa cells become rearranged so the primary oocyte surround a small grp of granulosa that projects out from the wall in the antrum

A

Cumulus oophorus

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47
Q

Single granulosa cells that immediately surrounds primary oocyte

A

Corona radiata

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48
Q

The female gamete arrested in the prophase stage of meiosis I

A

Oocyte

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49
Q

A glycoprotein surrounds like eggshell

A

Zona pellucida

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50
Q

Cuboidal surr oocyte

Secret estrogen

A

Granulosa cells

51
Q

Stromal cell layer that secrete androgens

A

Theca interna

52
Q

Non sec stromal layer

A

Theca externa

53
Q

Causes graafian fol to rupture

A

LH

54
Q

Tine from ovulation to onset of mes

Ave length 14 days

A

Luteal phase

55
Q

Cells divide and become yellow

A

Lutein

56
Q

Ruptured follicle

A

Corpus luteum

57
Q

Progesterone and estrogen secreted by the granulosa lutein and that got lutine cells inhibit the secretion of

A

LH and FSH respectively

58
Q

The absence of FSH prevents the development of new follicles thus preventing a second of ovulation

A

The falling LSH fail to maintain the corpus luteum so it undergoes involution

59
Q

FSH&LH secretion rice causing ovarian follicles to grow thus starting the next cycle

A

FSH levels begin to rise and a cohort of growing follicles is recruited

60
Q

Rising estrogen levels provide negative feedback on

A

pituitary FSH secretion

61
Q

LH initially _______ in response to rising estradiol levels but late in the follicular phase the LH level is increased dramatically

A

decreases initially

62
Q

At the end of follicular phase FSH induced LH receptors are present on the granulosa cells and with LH stimulation modulate that secretion of progesterone

A

Estrogen level decreases through the early luteal phase from before ovulation until the mid luteal phase when it begins to rise again as a result of corpus luteum secretion

63
Q

________ levels rise after ovulation and can be used as a presumptive sign that ovulation has occurred

A

Progesterone

64
Q

menstrual phase the ischemic and necrotic functionali layer of the endometrium is shed off along with blood from the degenerating spiral arteries

A

Day 1-4

65
Q

menstrual phase the ischemic and necrotic functionali layer of the endometrium is shed off along with blood from the degenerating spiral arteries

A

Day 1-4

66
Q

Proliferative or follicular phase

this is caused by the rising estrogen levels

A

Day 5-14

67
Q

secretory or luteal phase commences after ovulation the progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum activates the endometrium

A

day 15 - 28

68
Q

ovulation the gland begin to see create a glycogen rich substance in preparation for a potential embryo

A

Five days after

69
Q

Progesterone and estrogen levels fall then spiral arteries supplying the functional endometrium begin to coil and constrict causing

A

ischaemia

necrosis

70
Q

all oogonia Develop into primary oocytes and enter the prophase of the first meiotic division

A

2nd trimester of pregnancy

71
Q

Protein transcribed by is

A

TDF or testis determining factor

72
Q

SRY gene not activated until

A

7th wk of gest

73
Q

Development is identical in both sex

A

First 6 weeks

74
Q

Gonads begin to form during

A

5th week

75
Q

Mesothelial cells

A

Origin: mesodermal lining of peritoneum

Structure at 6wks: cortex

Adult structure: ovarian follicles or seminiferous tubules

76
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Origin: surrounding mesoderm

Structure at 6wks: medulla

Adult structure: leydig and supporting stroma

77
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

Origin: migrate from endodermal lining of yolk sac

Structure at 6wks: primary sex cords

Adult structure: gamete producing male spermatogonia and female oocytes

78
Q

Mesothelium abd mesenchyme proliferate to form a bulge called

A

Gonadal or genital ridge

79
Q

Mesenchyme forms ______

While

Mesothelium forms an _____

A

Mesenchyme inner medulla

Meso outer cortex

80
Q

Fingerliie proj that reach into medulla

A

Primary sex cords

81
Q

This duct drains the urine from the mesonephros

Forms male genit e.g epididymis and vas def

A

Wolffian duct (mesonephric)

82
Q

Funnel-ender duct lies laterally to the mesonephros duct

It forms female genit ducts example fallopian tube and uterus

A

Mullerian duct (para mesonephric)

83
Q

External genitalia begin to develop around

A

4th wk

84
Q

5 swellings (ext geni)

A

One genital tubercle
Two urogenital folds
Two labioscrotal folds

85
Q

Genital tubercle enlarges to form the

A

Phallus

86
Q

Cloacal mem divides to form

A 
Urogenital orifice (thru the vagina remains covered by the hymen)
Anus
87
Q

A ligament forms between the indifferent gonad and the labioscrotal swelling thru the inguinal canal

A

Gubernaculums

88
Q

It guides the descent of testes into the scrotum and forms the round ligaments od uterus and overies

A

Gubernaculums

89
Q

Leydig cells begin to secrete androgens (DHT, testosterone) from the

A

8th week

90
Q

What secrete mullerian inhibiting subs (MIS) A HORMONE THAT CAUSES THE MULLERIAN DUCTS TO REGRESS

A

Sertoli cells

91
Q

Secreted by leydig

Responsible for the development of male external genitalia

A

Testosterone

92
Q

Enlarges to form glans (distal end) of penis

A

Phallus

93
Q

Fuse ventrally to form body of penis

A

Urogenital folds

94
Q

Fuse to form Scrotum

A

Labioscrotal folds

95
Q

Urethra is an endodermal structure that is enclosed by the urogenital fusion. Failurr of this process results in

A

Epispadias

96
Q

Forms the CT stroma that supports these follicles

A

Mesenchymal medulla

97
Q

Develop into oogonia which undergo mitosis to increase germ cells
They enter the first prophase of meiosis before birth, after wc further mitosis is not possible

A

Primordial germ cells

98
Q

This develops dt the absence of testosterone and MIS

Unstimulated wolffian duct regr sses while Mullerian develops

A

Internal genitalia

99
Q

Derived from endodermal urethra and other two layers dev from surrounding mesenchyme

A

Vaginal epi

100
Q

Formed from cloacal mem covering the urogenital orifice that the vagina develops from

A

Hymen

101
Q

External genitalia also dev dt absence of testosterone

A

Phallus : forms clit

Urogenital folds: dont fuse and form labia minora

Labioscrotal folds dont fuse but form labia majora

102
Q

Breast compo

A

20% glandular tissue (central)

80% fat and CT (predominant in periphery)

103
Q

Lobules consist of blind ending expansion

A

Alveoli - sites of milk secret ion

104
Q

12-20 lobes arranged in radial fashion from nipple

A

Each lobe is triangular and has an excretory duct that opens to the exterior or nipple

105
Q

Accessory glands located around periphery of areola, can also secrete milk

A

Montgomery glands

106
Q

Fibrous septa extending from skin to underlying pectoralis fascia

Also support breast

Invasion by malignant cells produces skin retraction (sign if advanced carcinoma)

A

Cooper’s ligaments

107
Q

Conical to flattened
Projects centrally from anterior portion of breast

4th intercostals

A

Nipple or mammary papilla

108
Q

Discoidal skin wc encircles the base of nipple

A

Areola

109
Q

Breast vascular supply

A

Internal mammary artery
Thoracic branches of axillary artery
Intercostal arteries

110
Q

Mens: follicular phase

A

Stroma becomes less dense

Changes take place in ducts (expansion lumen w occasional mitosis but no secretion)

111
Q

Luteal phase

A

Progressive increase in stromal density

112
Q

Maximal on day 25 after wc epi cell apoptosis occurs

A

Cell proliferation

113
Q

Progressive atrophy of lobules w fatty replacement of breast tissue

A

During postmenopausal phase

114
Q

Initially spindle

A

Preg: myoepi become highly branches stellate cells

115
Q

Redxn of adipose but increase in WBC and eo

A

In stroma (preg/lactating)

116
Q

Symmetry
Contour
Skin app
Nipple contraction

A

Inspection

117
Q

Entire breast

Axilla

A

Palpation

118
Q

Only reproducible mtd of detecting nonpalpable breast cancer

A

Mammography

Detects 35-50% early breast cancers
Never subs for biopsy

119
Q

Cystic lesions
Feels a mass (pt)

Can’t detect microcalcifications

Not as useful for fatty breasts

A

Ultrasound

120
Q

Most reliable for diagnosis

Nondiag or equivocal

A

Open biopsy

121
Q

Most common
Ages 20-50

Uncommon meno
Decrease in taking pills

Symptoms: pain cyclic bilateral or upper outer quad
Signs: engorg, dense, nodular, fluctuate, tender

Pathophysiology cyst, epithelial and fibrous proliferation, fluid retention

A

FIBROCYTIC CHANGES/DSE OF BREAST

Diag: imaging, FNA, exci biopsy

DD: PAIN on dorsal radiculitis abd Tietze syn

122
Q

Second most common

A

Fibroadenoma

123
Q

Firm, rubbery, mobile, solid, solitary masses

Frequent in adolescent and early 20s

30% spon disappear

A

Fibroadenoma

  • diag breast exam, imaging, FNA
  • long term risk of invasive breast cancer 2x higher than ctrls
124
Q

75% located beneath areola

Diag galactography

Tx exci biopsy

Two fold risk of subsequent dev of carcinoma

A

Intraductal papilloma

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (8 decks)

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