covalent bonding

Question 1

what’s the difference between ionic bonding and covalent bonding?

Answer 1

ionic bonds = a metal atom with a non metal atom
the outer electrons are transferred from the metal atom to the non metal atom
covalent bonding = 2 non metal atoms

Question 2

what type of bonding is suitable for a non metal atom trying to achieve a full outer shell

Answer 2

covalent bonding

Question 3

know the difference between an energy level diagram and a dot and cross diagram and a stick diagram

Answer 3

use google
energy diagram
2 circles overlapping eachother with dots and crosses representing the electrons shared in the intersection

dot and cross diagram:
H x•H
(with dot above the x)
WITH NO SHELLS OR ENERGY LEVELS DRAWN (rings around the element)

stick diagram:
H—H

Question 4

in covalent bonding, what shells/energy levels is involved?

Answer 4

only OUTER shells/energy levels

Question 5

HCl is what type of molecule

Answer 5

hydrogen chloride is made up of the 2 elements hydrogen and chlorine
both hydrogen and chlorine are NON-metals so the molecule is a covalent molecule

Question 6

draw the dot and cross diagram for hydrogen chloride

draw the stick diagram for hydrogen chloride

Answer 6

xx
H • x Cl xx
xx

H—Cl

Question 7

what types of metals does covalent bonding take place between?
what is a covalent bond?

Answer 7

non metal elements

a shared pair of electrons

Question 8

the formula for water is H2O

construct the energy level diagram for H2O

Answer 8

hydrogen molecule = 2
Oxygen molecule = 1
oxygen has 8 electrons in total meaning its got 6 electrons in its outer energy level
oxygen has 1 electron in its outer energy level

(pretend there’s shells)
xx
H • x O x
xx
oxygen needs 2 electrons, hydrogen only has 1
2 hydrogen molecules are needed to give the electrons needed to bond with oxygen
so the energy level diagram for after the reaction is:
xx
H •x O x• H
xx
the covalent bonds are between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Question 9

Ammonia’s formula is NH3
draw the dot and cross diagram for this
and a stick diagram for this

Answer 9

nitrogen is in group 5 meaning it has a total of 5 electrons on its outer energy level
it needs a full outer shell
it forms covalent bonds with hydrogen
it needs 3 electrons and hydrogen has 1 electron in its outer energy level
meaning 3 hydrogen molecules are needed to bong with one nitrogen atom

there are 3 single covalent bonds in an atom of ammonia
the dot and cross diagram for this is
             xx
     H •x N x• H
             x•
             H

the nitrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms have all achieved a full outer energy level

stick diagram:
H—N—H
|
H

Question 10

draw the double covalent bond for O2
dot and cross diagram
stick diagram

Answer 10

x. •
xx O x•x• O ••
x. •

O == O
this is a double covalent bond

Question 11

what is a double covalent bond
how are they drawn?
use oxygen as an example

Answer 11

a sharing of 2 pairs of electrons
(4 electrons total)
O==O

Question 12

draw the bonding for N2

Answer 12

xx N •••xxx N ••
stick diagram :
N≡N
a nitrogen molecule has 5 electrons in its outer shell and is bonded with another nitrogen molecule with 5 electrons in its outer shell
they both need 3 electrons each so they share THREE pairs of electrons
this is called a triple covalent bond