Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome

Question 1

Define glomerulonephritis

Answer 1

an immunologically mediated inflammation of the renal glomeruli

Question 2

msot common cause of glomerulonephritis ?

Answer 2

membranous glomerulonephritis

Question 3

presenting sympoms?

Answer 3

• Haematuria (dark urine)
• Subcutaneous oedema
• Polyuria or oliguria
• History of recent infection
• Symptoms of uraemia or renal failure

Question 4

signs of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 4

• Nephrotic syndrome
o Proteinuria > 3.5 g/24 hrs
o Low serum albumin < 24 g/L
o Oedema

Question 5

investigations?

Answer 5

•	Urine 
o	Microscopy - check for red cell casts  
•	Bloods 
o	FBC 
o	U&Es + creatinine  
o	LFTs (check albumin)  
o	Lipid profile  
o	Complement studies – low complement levels 
o	Antibodies

Question 6

gold standard investigation for glomerulonephritis ?

Answer 6

• Renal Biopsy

Question 7

define nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 7

o Proteinuria
o Hypoalbuminaemia
o Oedema

Question 8

what is a complication of nephrotic syndrome and why?

Answer 8

venous thrombosis due to loss of antithrombrin III

Question 9

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids?

Answer 9

o Minimal change glomerulonephritis

Question 10

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Answer 10

o Diabetes mellitus

o Membranous glomerulonephritis

Question 11

signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 11

• Oedema

* Ascites

Question 12

what investigations?

Answer 12

bloods
urine
renal USS
renal biopsy