Head Flashcards
Name the cranial bones
Frontal, maxilla, parietal, nasal, Temporal, zygotmatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital
Name the anatomical structures around the orbit
Name the cranial sutures
See diagram
Saggital in middle
Coronal on sides
Lamboid at back
Name and label the cranial foramina
Optic canal + Superior orbital fissures at top
Then ROS = Rotundum, Ovale, Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen (big one)
Hypoglossal canal
What runs through each cranial foramen?
Optic canal = Optic nerve CN2 + Ophthalmic arteries
Superior orbital fissure = V1, CN3, CN4, CN5
Foramen rotundum =V2
Foramen ovale =V3
Foramen Spinosum = Middle meningeal artery + meningeal branch of V3
Foramen lacerum = Deep petrosal nerve, internal carotid
Internal auditory meatus = CN7+CN8
Jugular foramen = CN9, CN10, CN11 + Internal Jugular + inferior petrosal sinus
Hypoglossal foramen = CN12parotid
Describe the different types of maxillary fracture (+associated bones)
Le fort 1 = Horizontal fractures of the maxilla passing superior to the maxillary alveolar process (Ie roots of teeth) and crossing the bony nasal septum
Le fort 2 = Passing from posterolateral parts of maxillary sinuses superomedially through infraorbital foramina. As a resul the whole central part of the face is seperated from cranium
Le fort 3 = Horizontal fracture passing through the superior orbital fissures that extends laterally through wings of sphenoid
Layers of the scalp
SCALP
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis) = Tendinous sheet covering that acts as attachment for facial muscles.
Loose areolar tissue = Allows movement of the scalp proper (the areas above) independantly from underlying structures
Pericranium = The external periosteum of the bone
Branches of the facial nerve
Ten Zulus Buggered Michael Caine
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandinbular
Cervical
3 layers of the meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Name all the dural infoldings
Falx cerebri = Along longitudinal cerebral fissure
Tentorium cerebelli = Seperates occipital lobe and cerebellum
Falx Cerebelli = Sperates two cerebellar hemispheres
Describe and name the different venous sinuses
Arachnoid granulations in the arachnoid space absorb CSF into the sinuses
Superior saggital sinus at top coms back to confluence of sinuses
Inferior saggital sinus below it becomes straight sinus at back which then also joines the confluence of sinuses.
This goes around on both sides as transverse sinus
Then into sigmoid sinuses
Then as internal jugular vein
What are the contents and anatomy of the cavernous sinus?
Travels through centre of sinus:
Internal carotid, carotid plexus (sym nerves), Abducens CN6
Travels through lateral wall of sinus:
Occulomotor CN3, Trochlear CN4, Opthalmic V1 and Maxillary V2
Effects of tentorial herniation
Remember tentorium seperates occipital and cerebellum
Space occupying lesion can herniate adjacent temporal lobe down
Compresses CN3
Describe the ventricular system of the brain
Lateral ventricles on either side
Passes through interventricular foramen into 3rd ventricle in midline.
Passes postero-inferioly through cerebral aequduct into 4th ventricle.
This then inferiorly passes down as the central canal into spinal cord
Anatomy of the internal carotid artery including course and branches
ICA passes through carotid canal in petrous part of temporal bone
Then has an intracranial course
Passes through cavernous sinuses
Terminal branches = Anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
Remember = Anterior communciating arteries join the ACAs on both sides
Posterior communicating arteries join the ICA with PCAs on both sides as well
Course and branches of the vertebral arteries
Vertebrals are first branches of the subclavian arteries
Passes through transver foramina of first 6 cervical vertebrae
PAsses through foramen magnium.
Gives off PICA
Then units to form Basilar
Gives off AICA
Gives off Superior Cerebellar
Then Basilar bifuricates into PCAs on both side
Parasympathetic to lacrimal glands? What is the ganglion name
Done by para branches from Facial nerve (great petrosal nerve)
Via the pterygopalatine ganglion
Innervation and main actions of eye muscles
Levator muscle = Also from CN3, this is why CN3 palsy causes ptosis.
Superior tarsal is Sym innervation = This is why Horners syndrome also causes ptosis
Findins in horners syndrome
Ipsilateral pupilary constriction (miosis), ptosis, and loss of sweating
Findings in the three CN eye palsies
CN3 = Eye is down and out (only SO and LR left). Also ptosis and pupilary dilation
CN4 = Eye is up and in
CN6 = Cannot look outwards
What is ciliary ganglion
Occulomotor has para nerves that form a ganglion here for pupil constriction
What is contained within the parotid gland?
Parotid plexus of the facial nerve and its branches = Note that chorda tympani branches before here so spared if CN7 injured
Retromandibular vein
External carotid artery = Which forms its too branches Maxillary + Superficial temporal in parotid gland
Sensation to parotid = Great auricular and auriclotemporal nerves
Innervation of partoid gland
Great auricular nerve from the cervical plexus ofnerves C2 and C3 supply it (most commonly damaged in parotid surgery)
While the para = Gone by para nerves from glossopharyngeal nerve CN9 = In the form of secretory para otic ganglion
Name the 4 muscles of mastication
1) temporal
2) Masseter
3) Medial peterygoid
4) Lateral pterygoid
Innervation of the tongue
Sensation anterior 2/3 = Lingual nerve (branch of V3)
Taste anterior 2/3 = Chorda tympani = Branch of CN7, joins linguial nerve. Note Chorda tympani also is secreomotor/para to submanidular and sublinguial salivary glands
Both sensation + Taste to posterior 1/3 = Glossopharyngeal nerve CN9
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
-ALL are innervated by hypoglossal,
EXCEPT Palatoglossus = INNERVATED by VAGUS
Describe internal anatomy of the nose
There are three nasal conchae = Superior, middle and inferior.
In between them are recesses = Nasal meatus
Superior nasal meatus = Passage between superior and middle conchae to the ethmoidal sinuses
Ethmoidal infundibulum = drains the frontal sinus
Eustachian tube also drains into the nasopharynx
Where is epistaxis normally from?
Kiesselbach’s plexus / Little’s area
Vascular network of 5 arteries
1) anterior ethmoidal = branch of Opthalmic
2) Sphenopalatine = Branch of Maxillary
3) Greater palatine = branch of maxillary
4) Septal branch of superior labial = From facial
5) Posterior ethmoidal artery = From facial