Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

what is the lateral hypothalamus linked to?

Answer 1

it is linked to hunger / orexigenic, and can excite / produce eating.

Question 2

what is the ventromedial nucleus linked to?

Answer 2

it is linked to satiety / anorexigenic, and can inhibit / reduce eating.

Question 3

what is leptin?

Answer 3

it is a hormone produced by fat and can in turn reduce fat.

Question 4

what does leptin do?

Answer 4

it is linked to the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus, which is further linked to the lateral hypothalamus (in an inhibitory way) and then the paraventricular nucleus (in an excitatory way) – this means eating is inhibited.

Question 5

hunger inducing neurons activate what system?

Answer 5

the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 6

what happens when the hunger neurons activate the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 6

it inhibits / reduced the metabolic rate.

Question 7

satiety inducing neurons activate what system?

Answer 7

the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 8

what happens when the satiety neurons activate the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 8

it excites / increases metabolic rate.

Question 9

what does the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial nucleus having glucose receptors mean?

Answer 9

high blood glucose – inhibit the hunger centre / lateral hypothalamus, and activate the satiety centre / ventromedial nucleus.

Question 10

how does insulin relate to the hunger and satiety centres?

Answer 10

the presence of insulin activates the satiety centres and inhibits the hunger centres.

Question 11

what is ghrelin?

Answer 11

a hunger inducing hormone.

Question 12

what happens when the stomach is full?

Answer 12

ghrelin is not produced.

Question 13

the amygdala is activated when?

Answer 13

viewing fearful faces.

Question 14

what did animal studies that lesioned the amygdala show?

Answer 14

animals will show less fear.

Question 15

dopaminergic projections in the mesocorticolimbic pathway are important in what?

Answer 15

coding rewards.

Question 16

what did rats with destroyed mesolimbic dopaminergic projections and food studies show?

Answer 16

rats still seem to enjoy tasty food but they lack the motivation to seek food.

Question 17

describe the somatic marker hypothesis (Domasio, 1994)…

Answer 17

gave p’s 2 packs of cards - deck A had modest rewards but modest losses, deck B had larger rewards but larger losses

Question 18

describe the somatic marker hypothesis (Domasio, 1994)…

Answer 18

gave p’s 2 packs of cards - deck A had modest rewards but modest losses, deck B had larger rewards but larger losses,
control p’s learned to avoid deck B and showed a stress response when possibly having to chose from this deck,
but p’s who lacked the ventromedial prefrontal cortex didn’t avoid deck B or show a stress response.

Question 19

what does the Domasio study suggest?

Answer 19

we use feelings we get from the body as a marker of if an outcome will be good or bad.