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Neuroscience > Glia > Flashcards

Glia Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurofilaments?

A

Intermediate filaments part of the cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Kinesin moves organelles

A

Away from soma

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3
Q

Dynein moves organelles

A

To the soma

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4
Q

Two types of macroglia of the CNS

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

Is there microglia in the PNS?

A

No

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6
Q

What are the PNS equivalent of astrocyte?

A

Satellite cells and enteric ganglia

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7
Q

What is the PNS oligodendrocyte equivalent?

A

Schwann cells

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8
Q

What glial cells are found in the retina?

A

Muller cells

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9
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Form neuroepithelium that lines ventricles and makes cerebrospinal fluid,

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10
Q

Astrocytes develop from

A

Radial progenitors

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11
Q

Mature astrocytes are known as

A

Stellate cells

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12
Q

How do astrocytes communicate?

A

Gap junctions

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13
Q

Which cells myelinate the central axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

Which cells remove excess glutamate at excitatory synapses?

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

Which cells form the outer surface of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

Cells are responsible for production of all neurons in the cerebral cortex?

A

Astrocytes

17
Q

How is GABA transmission terminated?

A

Uptake of GABA by GABA transporter 2/3 (GAT 2/3) into astrocytes, where GABA transaminase (GABAT) converts it into succinic semialdehyde (SSA).

18
Q

How is neuronal glutamate supplied?

A

Neuronal glutamate (Glu) is synthesized from glutamine (Gln) supplied by glial cells.

19
Q

How is glutamate removed from synapse?

A

Moves back into glial cells via EAAT1/2

20
Q

What do astrocytes provide to neurons? (metabolism)

A

Lactate

21
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

CNS myelin degeneration, autoimmune disorder. Leads to ataxia, fatigue, chronic pain, bowel incontinence.

22
Q

Guillian Barre

A

PNS myelin degeneration

23
Q

How neuron to oligodendrocyte ratio vs neuron to myelin ratio?

A

One oligodendrocyte will myelinate several neurons clumping them together

Several Schwann cells for one neuron

24
Q

% of brain cells which are microglia

A

2.5-10%

25
Q

What type of cell are microglia, where do they originate?

A

Macrophage, from mesoderm derived from monocytic lineage of yolk sac

26
Q

Four states of microglia

A

Ramified (surveilling/resting): when there is no pathology, this state is assumed.

Activated (reactive): injury or assault to the brain.
Phagocytic: phagocytotic function when activated

Dystrophic: aged or mature microglia show abnormal morphology. Have more processes and swellings.

27
Q

The ionic composition of the cerebrospinal fluid is maintained by

A

Ependymal cells

28
Q

Peripheral nerve repair is stimulated by

A

Schwann cells

29
Q

The blood brain barrier is formed by tight junctions between

A

Endothelial cells

30
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Interstitial fluid – blood

31
Q

Blood – CSF barrier

A

CSF – blood (different barriers for ventricular CSF and blood and subdural CSF – blood)

32
Q

CSF – interstitial barrier permeability

A

Fully permiable

33
Q

What cells cover endothelia at BBB?

A

Pericytes

34
Q

How are astrocytes associated with the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes extend astrocytic end feet onto blood vessel forming a neurovascular unit

Around the small vessels the basal laminae of vessels and glial cell fuse, and the subpial layer of glial endfeet becomes continuous with the perivascular endfeet.

35
Q

Pericytes are

A

Contractile cell of the blood vessel

36
Q

What other action as well as contractility can pericytes have?

A

Phagocytosis

37
Q

What cells are responsible for the induction of BBB properties in endothelial cells?

A

Astrocytes

38
Q

What is the relative potassium concentration of CSF compared to plasma?

A

Lower in CSF (Na+ and chloride are higher)

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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