9B: Ovarian cyclicity

Question 1

• Non-seasonal
• Spontaneous ovulation
• right ovary (60-65%)

Answer 1

COW

Question 2

What stage does ovulation occur?

Question 3

A sign of heat/estrus, ropy clear mucus hanging from vulva or dried mucus on the flanks

Answer 3

vulvar mucus

Question 4

Heat Detection Aid:

Freshly applied chalk positioned between
hip bones to vertical descent of tail

Answer 4

tail chalk

Question 5

Heat Detection Aid:

● Placed at the rump region of the animal
● When the estrus cow is mounted, the detector will be pressed and will release the reddish color (seen in Initiating heat picture). This indicates that the cow is in heat.

Answer 5

KAMAR Heat-Mount Detector

Question 6

Heat Detection Aid:

When an estrus female with the patch transmitter is mounted, the transmitter is received by a computer and will be
registered in the database. The cows are coded with numbers.

Answer 6

Heatwatch Estrus Detection

Question 7

• Seasonal monoestrus
• Spontaneous ovulators

PH → female dogs (2-3 heats per year)

Answer 7

BITCH

Question 8

Responsible for increased vascularization of the vagina / external genitalia.

Answer 8

estrogen

Question 9

Takes place 3 days after → onset of estrus

Why? Surge of release of LH, then Corpus Luteum → start the increase of progesterone

(End) Diestrus → maximal level is achieved

Answer 9

ovulation

Question 10

Signs of estrus in bitch:

hyporemic or hyperemic vulva?

Answer 10

hyperemic

Question 11

Signs of estrus in bitch:

vulva is swelling or contracting at estrus?

Answer 11

swelling

Question 12

Female dogs consistently have changes in the what lining?

Answer 12

vaginal epithelium

Question 13

Stage:

• Vaginal nucleated epithelial cells (NCC or Non-cornified cells)
• presence of bloody discharge
  (RBC)

Answer 13

PROestrus

Question 14

Stage:

Effect of estrogen → from NCCs, there will be
loss of nucleus and will observe a ribbon-like appearance (CC or cornified cells); CCs will have an increased amount
at estrus.

Answer 14

estrus

Question 15

Stage:

the vaginal epithelial cells will eventually become NCCs again and WBC will also be present

Answer 15

METestrus

Question 16

Stage:

will have more WBCs and NCCs

Answer 16

DIestrus

Question 17

Stage:

only stage with RBC

Answer 17

PROestrus

Question 18

Stage:

WBC could either be present or not

Answer 18

ANestrus

Question 19

Stage:

has no WBC

Answer 19

PROestrus
Estrus

Question 20

Stage:

only one with no NCC

Answer 20

LATE estrus

Question 21

Stage:

when cornified cells are mostly present

Answer 21

Late Proestrus to Estrus

Question 22

COMMON REPRODUCTIVE DISORDER

Manifests signs similar with pregnancy:

a. Maternal behavior (nesting)
b. Development of mammary gland (P4 from CL, prolactin)
c. Enlarged uterus,
hypertrophy of endometrium, glands devout
d. Pelvis relax, external genitalia similar to pregnant experience labor

Answer 22

Overt pseudopregnancy

Question 23

COMMON REPRODUCTIVE DISORDER

NO EXTERNAL
SIGNS of pregnancy

Check P4 Level

Answer 23

Covert pseudopregnancy

Question 24

The reason for pseudopregnancy is due to the retained _____ even in the absence of fertilization. Though, it is still functional and luteal cells continue to produce progesterone levels.

Answer 24

Corpus luteum (CL)

Question 25

(2) important pregnancy hormones

Answer 25

1. progesterone 2. relaxin

Question 26

Progesterone is seen to have an increasing amount of progesterone and relaxin in?

Answer 26

a true pregnant animal

Question 27

the progesterone level only increased on the 2nd day and then decreased over time relaxin levels also did not increase

Answer 27

pseudopregnancy

Question 28

- Seasonal breeder (long-day breeder in temperate countries) - Breeding season (spring to summer) - Spontaneous ovulator; 60% ovulate LEFT ovary

Answer 28

MARE

Question 29

CL is formed → luteum cells start to produce progesterone

Answer 29

after ovulation (mare)

Question 30

If there is no pregnancy that would occur: uterus will secrete ____ → to cause luteolysis

Answer 30

PGF2a (alpha)

Question 31

will prepare for the next cycle if there is no fertilization that will take place

Answer 31

FSH secretion (mare)

Question 32

SIGNS OF HEAT of what animal? 1. Restlessness 2. Irritable 3. Swollen vulva 4. Tail elevation 5. Mucoid discharge 6. Adapts micturition position 7. Clitoral eversion & vulvar winking 8. Squatting

Answer 32

MARE

Question 33

Stallions exhibit ___ when mares are in heat

Answer 33

flehmen

Question 34

Time of breeding: Mare with Short Estrus (3 days) → tropical countries

Answer 34

Bred on the 1st day of estrus

Question 35

Time of breeding: Mares with longer estrus (4-6 days) → temperate countries

Answer 35

Bred on the 3rd day of estrus

Question 36

➔ Polyestrous, spontaneous ovulator, right ovulator (60%) ➔ Some breeds are seasonal breeders (short-day) in temperate countries ◆ Breeding season starts from fall until winter

Answer 36

EWE

Question 37

Mediterranean and Spanish breeds are ____ breeders ● Merino ● Karakul, ● Persian Blackhead ● Dorset horn

Answer 37

non-seasonal breeders

Question 38

English and Scottish breeds are _____-day breeders ● Hampshire ● Southdown ● Shropshire ● Romney

Answer 38

short

Question 39

What kind of breeder? ovarian activity ceases (anestrus) with increasing daylight (spring) and is reestablished during periods of shorter day-light (fall/autumn)

Answer 39

Short-day breeder

Question 40

➔ Shortest estrous cycle ➔ When heat is detected, best to mate them right away so that sperm is present when animal ovulates

Answer 40

EWE

Question 41

Signs of heat of what animal? 1. Restlessness 2. Seek ram → form harem (females seek dominant ram) 3. Swelling of vulva 4. Standstill to be mounted

Answer 41

EWE

Question 42

time of breeding of EWE?

Answer 42

from mid-estrus to latter part of estrus

Question 43

HEATWATCH TRANSMITTER FOR ESTRUS DETECTION location of Patch and transmitter?

Answer 43

sheep's rump

Question 44

SEXUAL GROUP ASSOCIATIONS (Ewe) a. Facilitates formation of social relationship among males b. Leads to fast onset of first copulation → enhanced puberty c. Ram lambs (3-6 months old) → sexual segregation → delay occurrence of first copulation

Answer 44

Male-to-male interactions

Question 45

SEXUAL GROUP ASSOCIATIONS (Ewe) a. Facilitates early onset of puberty b. Facilitates estrus synchronization (In humans, synchronization of menstrual cycles also occur) c. Advances onset of breeding season in temperate countries

Answer 45

Female-to-female interactions

Question 46

SEXUAL GROUP ASSOCIATIONS (Ewe) a. Female effect - improves ram’s sexual activity b. Male effect or ram effect i. Advance onset of puberty in ewe lambs ii. Shortens anestrus period iii. Change timing of onset and end of reproductive season in adult ewes

Answer 46

Male-to-female interactions

Question 47

Polyestrous, spontaneous ovulator Breeding is important since within 1-½ days, ovulation occurs

Answer 47

DOE

Question 48

Signs of heat of what animal? 1. Restlessness 2. Decrease appetite 3. Tail twitching from side-to-side, up & down 4. Tail flagging → exposing hyperemic and swollen vulva 5. Standstill to be mounted 6. Vulva - hyperemic, edematous

Answer 48

DOE

Question 49

polyestrous, non-seasonal, spontaneous ovulator

Answer 49

PIGS

Question 50

Signs of heat of what animal? 1. Restlessness 2. Decrease appetite 3. Peculiar repetitive grunt emitted 4. Vulva - hyperemic, edematous, enlarged 5. Sniffs vulva of other females 6. Seeks boar - noses testis & flanks 7. Stationary & rigid stance with ears cocked → ears popping/ erect a. Allows to be mounted b. Stand still for back pressure test 8. Remains still during coitus

Answer 50

PIGS

Question 51

In pigs: Heat check if pregnant: doppler → as early as ___ days after coitus/AI

Answer 51

21

Question 52

➔ Long-day breeder, induced ovulator ➔ In PH, estrous cycle up to 3x a year

Answer 52

CATS

Question 53

➔ Multiple mating = higher percentage of ovulation LH surge occurs minutes after intromission (duration 4-16 hrs) After 1st mating: 50% ovulation; Multiple mating: higher % ovulation

Answer 53

CATS

Question 54

➔ LH surge needed for ovulation to take place ➔ Copulation needed to trigger LH surge ➔ Estradiol levels increasing as well prior to estrus stage

Answer 54

CATS

Question 55

Clinical signs of heat in what animal? 1. Increase affection to objects → table legs 2. Crawling with chest against the floor 3. Rolling 4. Vocalization 5. Allowing to be mounted by male 6. Elevating tail → expose genitalia

Answer 55

CATS

Question 56

FATES OF ESTRUS CAT 1. Mate → fertilization → _____ 2. Sterile mating → ovulation → ______ 3. Prolonged estrus → follicular atresia → _____ (2) 4. Diestrus → _____

Answer 56

1. pregnant 2. pseudopregnancy 3. proestrus & estrus 4. anestrus