:) Flashcards
(269 cards)
1
Q
Generally describe the Vestibular System.
A
1) Keeps center mass over foot 2) Head and Body Position 3) Keep gaze looking straight ahead
2
Q
If a patient has a cervical injury, which VOR should not be done? Doll’s Eye maneuver or Oculocaloric Testing
A
Doll’s Eye Maneuver: Contradicted w/ C spine injury
3
Q
What should generally occur in an normal Doll’s eye maneuver?
A
Horizontal movement of eyes in opp. direction when head is turned to one side
4
Q
When there is no response during an Doll’s eye maneuver what part of the brain is usually injured?
A
Midbrain
5
Q
Patient head turns right and their right eye adds and the left eye is neutral. What palsy is occurring?
A
Left VI Palsy
6
Q
Patients head turns right and the right eye is neutral, while the left eye abducts. What CN palsy is present?
A
Right CN III Palsy
7
Q
What needs to be intact in order for the oculocaloric testing to work?
A
Brainstem
8
Q
During a Oculocaloric Test, describe what occurs when the cold water is used vs warm water.
A
1) Cold water: Eyes move toward stimulus; Nystagmus = away 2) Warm water: Eyes move away stimulus; Nystagmus = toward
9
Q
Generally the Oculocaloric test works via effecting what?
A
Endolymph in the lateral semicircular duct
10
Q
When there is an absent of VOR during Oculocaloric test while the patient is conscious, what’s indicative of this presentation?
A
Ipsilateral vestibular impairment of stimulated lateral semicircular duct
11
Q
When a patient is unconscious and there is absent VOR during a oculocaloric test, what part of the brain could be damaged?
A
1) Midbrain and poor prognosis
12
Q
What’s another name for Vestibular Ganglion?
A
Scarpa’s Ganglion
13
Q
Where is Scarpa’s Ganglion located at?
A
Membranous Labyrinth
14
Q
What is the comp. of Scarpa’s Ganglion?
A
Cell bodies of bipolar neurons
15
Q
Peripheral process of bipolar neurons of Scarpa’s Ganglion innervate what?
A
Vestibular Receptors
16
Q
Central Processes from Bipolar neurons of Scarpa’s Nucleus form what and where do they terminate?
A
1) Form Vestibular Nerve 2) Terminate - Fastigial Nuclei - Floculo-nodular lobe - Vestibular Nucleus
17
Q
Central processes from bipolar neurons of the Vestibular Ganglion form what and terminate on what?
A
1) Form Vestibular Nerve
2) Terminate on:
- Vestibular Nucleus
- Flocculo-nodular lobe
- Fastigial Nuclei
18
Q
After the portions of the Vestibular Nerve terminates on the vestibular nucles, what which 4 tracts can the vestibular nucelus incluence?
A
1) Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)
2) Medial Vestibulospinal Tract (MVST)
3) Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract (LVST)
4) Reticular Formation (RF)
19
Q
Generally what is the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) important for?
A
Synchornized eye movements; esp. horizontal gaze
20
Q
What nuclei are involved in the Vestibulo-occular pathway?
A
1) Oculomotor
2) Trochlear
3) Abducens
21
Q
MLF links ____ with contralateral ____
A
1) Abducencs Nucleus/PPRF
2) Oculomotor Nucleus
22
Q
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) is important for what VOR’s?
A
1) Doll’s Eye Maneuver
2) Oculocaloric Testing
23
Q
What is the general function of the Medial Vestibulospinal Tract (MVST)
A
Coordinates positiong of the head relative to eye movement
24
Q
What is the origin of the Medial Vestibulospinal tract?
A
Medial Vestibulo Nucleus
25
Where does the Medial Vestibulospinal Tract terminate?
Cervical and upper thoracic levels
26
What mucsulatature does the Medial Vesetibulospinal Tract (MVST) influence?
1) Neck
2) Upper Back
3) Proximal Upper Limb
27
What is the general function of the Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract (LVST)?
Coordinating Body Position
28
Origin of the Lateral Vistibulospinal Tract
Lateral Vestibular Nucleus
29
Termination of the Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract (LVST)
Ipsilateal intermediate grat at all levels of SC
30
What musculature does the Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract (LVST) influence?
Axial and Appendicular Musculature
31
Associated with the Vestibular Nucleus, what is the function of Reticular Formation?
1) Visceral Disturbances
2) Nausea
3) Vomiting
32
Vistibular Efferents originating from vestibular nucleus go where?
Hair Cells
33
The cerebellum specifically the Fastigual nucleus but mainly the Flocculo-nodular Lobe recieve vestibular information from what tract?
Vestibulocerebellar
34
What does the Vestibulo-Cerebellum consist of?
Flocculonular Lobe and Fastigii
35
What is the function of the Vestibulo-cerebellum?
Adjustment of positiong via influenceing vestibular nuclei
- Critical role in coordinating axial and proximal limb musculature and the oculomotor system
36
Fastigial nucleus has direct and indrect connections to the vestibular nuclei via what fibers?
Fastigo-bulbar Fibers
\*Note some fibers project ot contralateral ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus to link vestibular and extrapyramidal systems
37
Acending limb of uncinate fasciculus terminates on ventral lateral nucleus of what? Why is this important
1) Ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus
2) Vestibular link to extrapyrimidial system
38
Signs and Symptoms to lesion of Vestibular System
1) Nystagmus
2) Vertigo
3) Postural Impairement
4) Visceral Disturbances ( Nasua, Vomiting, and Pallor)
39
what does a Positive Romberg Test indicate?
Sensory Ataxia
40
What does a negative Romberg test and but presentation of Ataxia indicate?
Cerebellar Ataxia
41
A lesion of the vestibular system will present with eyes, head, and body turinging (toward or away from) side of lesion.
Toward
42
Describe Bemign Paroxymal Positional Vertigo
Transient Episodes of Dizziness
43
Generally during a lesion of a medial longitudinal fasiculus ___ disturbance of horizontal gaze (impairment of adduction (MR) of ipsilateral eye and Nystagmus of abducting eye occurs.
Contralateral
44
Generally describe a Lesion of medial longitudinal fasiculus.
Contralateral disturbance of horizontal gaze ( impairment of adduction (MR) of ipsilateral eye and nystagmus of abducting eye
45
Lesion to right MLF presents with what?
1) Normal Horizontal gaze to right
2) Left Horizontal Gaze:
- Paresis of Adduction (medial recuts) or right eye
- Nystagmus of left eye (abducting)
46
Lesion of Right MLF is named what?
Right Interoculear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)
47
How is INO named?
According to side of oculomotor impairment
48
During INO is accomodation intact?
YES; Accomodation is dependent on **Corticotectal Fibers**
49
Where do Corticotectal Fibers Terminate?
1) Oculomotor
2) Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
50
What is the full name of PPRF?
Paramedian Pontine Reticular Nucleus
51
Where is the lateral gaze center?
PPRF
52
What is the importance of PPRF?
Critical for horizontal gaze and coordinating area for oculomotor system
53
Lesion of PPRF
Paralysis of horizontal gaze toward same side of lesion
54
What is the Gaze preference of a lesion to PPRF
Away from teh side of lesion
55
What is affected in a lesion to the PPRF?
1) Ipsilateral lateral rectus
2) Contralateral medial rectus
56
Tumor of 4th ventricle/posterior cranial fossa is common in what age group?
Children
57
Two ways that Periphearl nerves are classified.
1) Contribution to a compound action potential **(A, B, and C waves)**
2) Fiber diameter, Myelin thickness, and conduction velocity **(Classes I, II, III, and IV)**
58
List the Sensory Afferent Fiber Tyes by electrical and physical classification
1) Aa; Ia and Ib
2) Ab; II
3) Ad; III
4) C; IV
59
Which is the largest sensory fiber?
Aa (Ia and Ib)
60
Which is the Smallest sensory afferent fiber?
C (IV)
61
Determine the Fastest and Slowest Sensory Fibers
1) Aa: 80-120m/s = Fastest
2) C: 0.5-2m/s = Slowest
62
Aa supplies what receptors?
1) Primary muscle spindles
2) Golgi Tendon Organ
63
Ab fiber receptors supply what?
1) Secondary Muscle Spindles
2) Skin Mechanoreceptors
64
Ad Sensory fiber receptor supplies what?
1) Skin mechanoreceptors
2) Thermal Receptors
3) Nociceptors
65
C sensory fibers supply what Receptors?
1) Skin mechanoreceptors
2) Thermal Receptors
3) Nociceptors
66
Location and function of Mechanoreceptors
1) Cutaneous and Subcutaneous
2) Touch, Pressure, Vibration, and Pain
67
List the different type of Mechanoreceptors
1) Meissners Corpuscles
2) Pacinian Corpuscle
3) Ruffini corpuscle
4) Merkel Cell
5) Hair-follicle receptor
6) Tactile Free-nerve ending
68
Decribe Meissner Corpuscle receptor type (Threshold and adaptation)
1) Low-threshold
2) Rapidly adaptating
69
Where are Meissners corpuscles found?
Glaborous Skin
70
Where are Pacinian Corpuscles Found?
1) Hairy Skin
2) Glaborous Skin
71
Threshold and Adaptation of Pacinian Corpuscle
1) Low-threshold
2) Rapidly adapting
72
Ruffini Corpuscle Threshold and Adaptation
1) Low-threshold
2) Slowly adapting
73
Where is ruffini corpuscle found?
1) Hairy
2) Glaborous Skin
74
Where are Merkel Cells Found?
Glabrous Skin
75
Threshold and Adaptation of Merkel Cells
1) Low-threshold
2) Slowly adapting
76
Hair-follicles are both rapidly and slowly \_\_\_\_.
Adapting
77
Tactile free-nereve endings have an ____ Threshold and are ___ adapting
1) High
2) Slowly
78
Meissner Corpuscle Sensation
1) Touch and Vibration less than 100Hz
2) Flutter and Tapping
79
Pacinian Corpuscle Sensation
1) Rapid indentation of skin
2) Vibration (100 - 400Hz)
80
Which receptor picks up vibrations of less tha 100Hz?
Meissners Corpuscle
81
Which receptor picks up rapid indentation of the skin such as that during high-frequency vibration (100-400Hz)?
Pacinian Corpuscle
82
Ruffini Corpuscle
1) Stretch
2) Touch, Pressure and Proprioception
83
Merkel Cell Sensation
Pressure
84
Hair-follicle receptor sensation
Motion across skin and direction of that motion
85
Ractile free-nerve ending sensation
1) Pain
2) Temperature
86
Where would you find the highest tactile acuity?
1) Fingertips
2) Lips
87
Where would you find the lowest Tactile acuity
1) Calf
2) Back
3) Thigh
88
What are you testing during 2-point discrimination?
Receptive Fields
89
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (SI) Function
1) Integration of information postion sense
2) Size and Shae discrimination
90
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (SII)
1) Comparison between:
- Objects
- Differ tactile sensations
2) Determins whether something becomes a memory
91
Parieto-Temporal-Occipital association cortex (PTO) function
1) Analyze spatial coordinates of self in enviroment
2) Names objects
92
What law describes phantom limb pain?
Law of Projection
93
Describe the Law of Projections
No matter where along the afferent pathway a stimulation is applied, the perceived sensation arises from teh origin of sensation
94
Deifintion of Pain
Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damgage
95
Definition of Nociception
Neural process of enconding nozious stimuli (a stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues)
96
Hyperalgesia
Ibcreased pain from stimulus thatt normally provokes pain
97
Allodynia
Pain due to a stimulus that doesnt normally provoke pain
98
Hyperaesthesia
Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses
99
Compair the sensation modality of A-delta and C-fibers
1) A-delta: Primarily mechanical pain
2) C-fibers: Polymodal high-intensity chemical and thermal pain
100
Compare the receptive field size between A-delta and C-fibers
1) A-delta: small receptive fields
2) C fibers: larger receptive fields
101
Compare Localization between A-delta and C-fibers
1) A-delta: Precise localization of pain
2) Imprecise localization of pain
102
During the biphasic response to pain you are likely to experience ___ before \_\_\_?
1) Sharp
2) Throbbing
103
List type of nociceptor modalities
1) Mechanical
2) Chemical
3) Thermal
104
List the different TRP receptors
1) TRPV1
2) TRPA1
3) TRPM8
105
What are TRP receptors?
1) Ligand-gated non-selective cation channel permeable to Ca2+, Na+ and/or K+
106
Ligand for TRPA1
Ligand for TRPM8
Ligand for TRPV1
Ally isothiocyanate
Menthol
Capsaicin
107
Many C-fibers express which receptor?
TRPV1
108
Heat greater than 43 degress C will stimulat which TRP receptor?
TRPV1
109
Which receptor is involved in a number of inflammatory pain states: allergic contact dematitis, chronic itch, painful bladder syndrome, migraine, irritable bowel syndrom, and Pancreatitis
TRPA1
110
Anesthetic often have a paradoxical pro-nociceptive effect by acting through which receptors?
TRPA1
111
Which TRP receptors is activated by both innocuous cooling (26-15 degrees C) and Nocious cold (15-8 degrees C)
TRPM8
112
Free nerve ending can be either unmyelinated ___ fibers or myelinated ___ fibers
1) C
2) Ad
113
Free nerve endings can either be ___ or \_\_\_
1) Peptidergic
2) Non-peptidergic
114
Peptidergic fibers express what?
1) Substance P
2) CGRP
115
C fibers are peptidergic or non-peptidergic?
Peptidergic: Express SP/CGRP and also EAA
116
Ad fibers express what?
EAA
117
What are nociceptors modulated by?
1) Descending Systems
2) Interneurons in Dorsal Horn
118
Local System of modulation of Nociceptors
Gate control theory of pain (rubbing the spot that hurts to ease the pain
119
How does descending inhibition modulate nociceptors?
1) Dampens input on its way up to the cortex
120
What is an example of Descending inhibition
Pre-synaptic inhibition
121
Gate control theory: Gate is closed
1) no pain sensed
2) Inhibitory interneuon is blocking nociceptive signal from continuing to move foward
122
What transmitter is released by the inhibitory interneuon in gat control theory of pain
Glycine
123
Rubbing an area of affected skin activates __ fibers and reduces the sensation of pain.
Ab
124
What is the more powerful form of inhibitory control in all primary afferent fibers?
Presynaptic inhibition
125
Descending Inhibition Pathway
1) PAG (Periaquductal Gray) are activated by: Opiates, EAA, and Cannabinoids
2) Descending projections travel to:
- Locus Coeruleus (NE)
- Raphe nucleus (Serotonin)
3) Serotonin and Ne released into dorsal horn and activate inhibitory interneurons
4) Local inhibitory interneurons release opiates (enkephalin)
5) Opiates activate mu receptors on pre-synaptic (and post-synaptic) terminals of a C-fiber
6) Results in reduction of SP from C-fiber and educes nociception
126
Function of Descending Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Neurons
1) Activate local interneurons
2) Suppress Spinothalamic projection neurons
127
Central Sensitization
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord that generates post-injury pain hypersensitivity
128
Central sensitization reduces __ of involved neurons to __ stimuli
1) Threshold
2) Noxious
129
Central Sensitization involves persistent stimulation of ___ receptors and ___ signaling cascades. This is an example of \_\_\_\_
1) EAA
2) Intracellular
3) Synaptic Plasticity
130
Central inflammation involves ___ signals from glial cells cthat contribute to neuroimmune activation that can sensitize neurons
Proinflammatory
131
Peripheral Sensitization
Encompansses changes in receptor, ion-channel, and neurotransmitter expression
132
In peripheral sensitization, at times thermal sensitivity can be so increased that normal body temperature activates nociceptors. Which TRP receptor is activated.
TRPV1
133
During periphearl sensitization, ___ develops in injured tissues sensitizs the nociceptor. This can __ intensity and duration of pain.
1) Inflammatory soup
2) Increase
134
What are two chemical agents are are famous for sensitizing nociceptors
1) Prostaglandins
2) Bradykinin
135
Which brain region is important for interpretation of nociception
1) Insular Cortex
136
Damage to insular cortex causes what?
Asymbolia
137
Which brain region integrates all signals related to pain.
Insular Cortex
138
\_\_\_\_ recieve input from nociceptors and play a role in localization of pain
S1 and S2
139
\_\_ identify size and shape of object by touch
SI
140
\_\_ Cognitive touch compares objects by touch alone
SII
141
Amyhdala is important in ___ to pain
Emotional component
142
\_\_\_\_ input travels with autonomic nerves and goes to ___ and \_\_\_\_, integrating physiological changes associated with visceral pain.
1) Visceral input
2) Hypothalamus
3) Medulla
143
Where is the Substantia Gelatinosa Found and what lamina?
1) Posterior Horn- Lamina 1-**2**
144
What levels will you find clarke's nucleus and what lamina?
1) T1-L2
2) Lamina 7
145
What is the function of Substantia Gelatinosa
Pain and Temperature
146
Function of Clarks Nucleus
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract ccells
147
What lamina and levels is the accessory nucleus found?
1) IX
2) Medulla- C5
148
Rubrospinal fibers excite _ and inhibit _ motor neurons
1) Flexor
2) Extensor
149
uncal Herniation
Protrusion of brain through the tentorial incisure
150
Tonsillar Herniation
Protrusion of the brain stem and cerebellum through foramen magnum
151
Dorsal Column lesion results in ___ loss of tactile discrimination and postition and vibration sensation.
Ipsilateral
152
Lateral corticospinal Tract results in ___ with pyramidal sign below the lesion
Ipsilateral Spastic Paresis
153
Lateral Spinothalamic tract results in ___ loss of pain and temperature sensation one to two segments below lesion
Contralateral
154
Ventral horn lesion results in ___ flaccid paralysis of innervated muscles
Ipsilateral
155
Brown-Sequard Syndrom causes damage to which structures
1) Dorsal Columns
2) Lateral Corticospinal
3) Lateral Spinothalamic
4) Hypothalamospinal (Horner Syndrome)
5) Anterior Horn
156
Syringomyelia damages what structures?
1) Ventral White Commissure
2) Ventral Horns
157
Damage to the white commissure causes damage to decussating ___ axons causing ___ loss of pain and temperature sensation
1\_ Lateral Spinothalamic
2) Bilateral
158
Medial Structures in Medulla
1) Hypoglossal nucleus of CN XII
2) Medial Lemniscus
3) Pyramid (Corticospinal tracts)
159
Lateral Structures in Medulla
1) Nucleus Ambiguus (CN IX, X, XI)
2) Vestibular Nuclei (CN VIII)
3) Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
4) Lateral Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus)
5) Spinal Trigmenial Nucleus and Tract of CN V
160
Where is Wernicke's area located at?
1) Superior Temporal gyrus
2) Apramarginal and angular gyri (Parietal Lobe)
161
Primary visual Cortex is housed in what?
Calcarin Sulcus
162
Mesencephalic and Principal Sensory Nucleus Blood Supply
1) Basilar/AICA
2) Basilar/Superior Cerebrallar a.
163
After synapses to at the primary senesory nucleus of V, 2 order neruon bifercates in to __ and \_\_. __ stays ipsilateral and __ goes contralateral. But both synapse on __ of thalamus.
1) Ant.
2) Posterior
3) Posterior
4) Anterior
5) VPM
164
Lesion to parietal cortical regions produce what?
Agnosia
165
MCA lesion produces tactile loss over the \_\_\_.
Contralateral upper body and face
166
ACA lesion affects the contralateral \_\_\_
Lower Limb
167
Blood supply to SI cortical regions
MCA and ACA
168
Thalamogeniculate Branches of ___ supply the VPL and VPM
Posterior Cerebellar A.
169
Lesion to thalamogeniculate branches of posterior cerebral a. results in loss of all tactile sensation over ___ body and head
Contralateral
170
Where does Syringomyelia occur\>
C3-T2
171
Pontine lesion of ALS
1) Contralateral loss of pain and thermal sensation
172
Occlusion of basillar, anterior inferior cerebellar a., or superior cerebellar a. causes what?
Lateral Pontine Syndrome
173
174
PICA occlusion or Vertebral artery occlusion causes what?
Lateral Medullary Syndrome
175
PICA occlusion or Lateral medullary syndrome causes what ALS symptoms
Contralaateral loss of pain and thermal sensation
176
Unilateral Lesion of corticobulbar fibers below decussation may cause ___ CN palsies
Ipsilateral
177
Lesions of the CBT above decussation may result in some ___ cranial nerve palsies
Contralateral
178
In terms of absorption of arachnoid villi, pressures below __ CSF = no absorption
68
179
Normal CSF pressure is __ CSF
112
180
Two forms of GLUT1 receptors includes:
1) 55k on capillaries
2) 45K on astroglia
181
What is the directionality of the Na/K/2Cl transporter?
CSF -\> blood
182
Expression of Na/K/2Cl is controlled via ___ secreted via endothelia cells. it is related to [\_] csf
Endothelin 1 and 3
K+
183
Alot of drugs can get past the BBB, but once crossed can be put back into the blood via what transporter?
P-glycoprotein
184
List the 4 circumventricular organs that are not protected via BBB.
1) Posterior Pituitary
2) Area Postrema
3) Organum Vasculosum of Lamina Terminalis (OVLT)
4) Subfornical Organ
185
Function of Area Postrema
Vomiting
186
Function of Orgnaum Vasculosum of Lamina Terminalis (OVLT)
1) H20
2) Thirst
3) Blood volume control
187
What is exotoxicity?
Overstimulation of EAA
188
Action potentials are __ or \_\_
All or Nothing
189
What are the two main amino acids in the EAA system?
1) Glutmate
2) Aspartate
190
Two types of receptors that EAA's bind to
1) NMDA
2) non-NMDA: AMPA and Kainate
191
PCP blocks what receptor irresversibly
NMDA
192
Ketamine temporally blocks __ receptor
NMDA
193
List the 4 Consequences of high intracellular Ca2+
1) Phospholipase A activity
2) mu-calpain
3) Activation of Calcineurin
4) Apoptotic Pathway
194
List two O2 repurfusion consequences
1) Becomes Free Radical
2) Apoptotic Pathway
195
Nucleus Gracilis and Nucleus Cuneatus are derived from ___ of the caudal \_\_\_. Neuroblasts from ___ mirgate the the ___ zone.
1) Neuroblast
2) Myelencephalon
3) Alar
4) Marginal
196
Dentate, pontine, and cochlear nuclei are derived from \_\_\_.
Mentecephalon Alar Plates
197
Mentecephalon alar plates form central nuclei. List the nuclei.
1) Dentate
2) Pontine
3) Cochlear
198
In the midbrain, neuroblasts of the alar plates migrate into the __ to form ___ and \_\_\_
1) Tectum
2) Superior and Inferior Colliculi
199
Embryologically speaking what forms the nuclei tegmentum of the midbrain?
Neuroblasts of the balsal plates
200
Cerebral aquduct is a derivative of what?
Midbrain: Cavity of Mesencephalon
201
What are the specific nucleia that are formed by the basal plates of the neuroblasts of the midbrain.
1) Red Nucleus
2) Reticular Nucleus
3) CN III
4) CN IV
5) Substantia Nigra
202
Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Epithalamus is derived from what embryonic structure?
Diencephalon
203
Mammillary bodies form on the ___ surface of the Hypothalamus.
Ventral
204
Hypothalamus gives rise to two nucli: __ and \_\_. It also has ___ forming on the ventral surface.
1) Endocrine and Homeostatic Nuclei
2) Mammillary Bodies
205
Pineal gland is derived from what?
Median outgrowth of roof of diencephalon
206
Cerebral hemispheres are derived from ___ vesicles of the telencephalon
Cerebral
207
Flax cerebri is mesenchyme trapped in the ___ fissure
1) Longitudinal
208
\_\_\_ is gray matter giving off commissures. I is located from the roof of the ___ and goes to the \_\_\_. It will give off \_\_\_.
1) Lamina Terminalis
2) Diencephalon
3) Optic Chiasm
4) Commissures
209
Ant. commissure connects two __ lobes
Temporal
210
Microcephaly is the __ in brain growth with a normal face.
Reduction
211
List the causes of microcephaly
1) Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly
2) Ionizing radiation
3) Infectious agents: Cytomeglovirus, Zika, Rubella V., Toxoplasma Gondis
4) Maternal Alcohol abuse
212
\_\_ is has a large nucleus with well-developed nucleous and nissl substance/ bodies
Cell body
213
Dendritic spines ___ receptive area and are \_\_\_.
1) increase
2) Plastic
214
What is the primary component of Intermediate Filaments in Astrocytes?
DLial Fibrillary Acid Protein
215
Describe the shape of Ependymal cells
Columnar or Cubodial
216
\_\_\_ Line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord.
Ependymal Cells
217
\_\_\_ is well vascularized pia mater covered with cubodial epididymal cells
Choroid Plexus
218
List the 6 layers of the Neocortex
1) Molecular Layer
2) External Granular
3) External Pyramidal Layer
4) Inner Granular Layer
5) Ganglionic Layer
6) Multiform Layer (Polymorphic)
219
Function of Substina Nigra
Fine motor control
220
List the layers of the cerebellar cortex
1) Molecular Layers
2) Purkinje
3) Granular Layer
221
NMDA receptors are both __ gated and ___ gated
1) Ligand Gated
2) Voltage Gated
222
\_\_\_ binds to AMPA and __ influx of Na+.
1) Benzodiazenpines
2) Decrease
223
\_\_ only lets Na+ in while __ allows for Ca+ aswell.
1) AMPA
2) Kainate
224
\_\_ have short onset and duration of EPSP when ligands bind (EAA)
Non-NMDA
225
NMDA receptors have a __ latency and __ duration
1) Long
2) Long
226
NMDA's Long latency is caused by __ , While its long duration is caused by \_\_.
1) Mg2+
2) Ca2+
227
EAA Group 1 receptors are __ coupled and increase ___ and \_\_.
1) Gq
2) IP3
3) Dag
228
Group 2/3 EAA recepetors are __ coupled and decrease \_\_\_.
1) Gi
2) cAMP
229
What limits EAA action?
Glial Cells via secondary active transport
230
NO has actions on both __ and __ cells.
Pre and post synaptic
231
\_\_\_ is a watershed region that is too ischemic to function
Ischemic Penumbra
232
Ligation of the __ can be a treatment for Parkinsons Disease.
1) Anterior Chordial
2) Parkinsons Disease
233
ACA has __ segments
5
234
occlusion to A2 causes what?
ACA syndrome
235
\_\_ or __ occlusion causes sensory and or motor deficits in contralateral leg and foot.
1) ACA
2) Superior Sag. Sinus
236
What are are sensory defects in ACA occlusion.
Dysathesia
Hypasthesia
237
What are the motor deficits in ACA occlusion.
Spastic paralysis of leg and foot
238
\_\_\_ occlusion causes broca's aphasia
Frontal branch on MCA
239
\_\_\_ can understand/comprehend, but can't say the words and get frustrated.
Broca Aphasia
240
\_\_\_ occlusion causes wernickes aphasia
Angular a.
241
Oculomotor is between which two arteries?
Posterior Inferior Ceerebellar and Post. Cerebral
242
Central Cord Syndrome is caused by __ occlusion.
ASA
243
\_\_\_ has an abrupt onset vs syringomyelia which has __ progession/
1) Central Cord
2) Syringomyelia
244
\_\_\_ is described via central necrosis and curviation of SC and development of Syrinx.
Central Cord Syndrome
245
Tabes Doralis or Tertiary Neurosyphilis is causes associated with __ arteries.
Posterior Spinal Arteries
246
\_\_\_ is meningovascular infections of dorsal roots and posterior columns.
247
Wide base gate and slapping of feet is seen in \_\_\_
Tabes dorsalis
248
\_\_\_ is a branch off o left. inferior intercostal or superior lumbar arteries. It contributes to __ arteries and supplies inferior __ of spinal cord/
1) Great anterior artery of Adamkieqicz
2) Anterior spinal arteries
3) 2/3
249
\_\_ can be compormised via thoracolumbar fracture or sugical repair of AAA.
Great Anterior Artery of Adamkiewicz
250
\_\_, \_\_, __ are the watershed zones of the SC
C2-3, T1-4, and L1
251
Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is caused via occlusion to ...
PICA
252
ACA supplies what part of the cortex?
Paracentral lobule
253
List what the MCA is supplied by.
1) Primary Motor Cortex
2) Premotor Cortex
3) Broca's Speech Area
4) Primary Somesthetic Cortex
5) Primary Auditory Cortex
6) Wernicke's Area
254
Primary Visual are is supplied by?
Primary visual cortex
255
Ant. Spinal supplies __ portion of SC
Central
256
Posterior Spinal supplies __ of the cord.
Posterior 1/3
257
\_\_\_ is charterized by __ cranial edema causing swelling of optic disc.
1) Papilledema
2) Increased
258
\_\_ herniation will have a midline shift
Flax
259
\_\_\_ will cause compressure of midbrian.
Tentorial or Uncal
260
\_\_\_ herniation can be seen with the cerebellum through tentoral notch if mass in growing in posterior cranial fossa
261
Rupture in the subaracnoid space causes ___ hemmorage
Subarachnoid
262
Blood will present in __ if subaracnoid hemorage has occured recently
CSF
263
\_\_ hematoma is cause via rupture of ___ due to blow to pterion.
1) Epidermal
2) Middle meningeal a.
264
\_\_\_ hematoma is located between Endocranium and \_\_\_.
1) Epidural
2) Dura mater
265
Increased pressure from a epidermal hematoma can cause __ and/or __ herniation.
1) Flax
2) Uncal
266
\_\_\_ hematoma is restricted by sutures of skull
Epidermal
267
Subdural hematoma is caused by ___ veins
Superficial cerebral veins
268
Subdural hematoma causes a ___ of the brain.
Midline shift
269
