A: 1-3 Respiratory Basics Flashcards
asdf
During Respiration:
A: Internal respiration = Mitochondria consuming O2 and PRODUCING CO2
B: EXTernal Respiration = The actual mechanical EXchange of Air in Lungs
C: Although PRIMARY function of Lungs is [Gas Exchange], it also has functions as a…
ºBarrier = mucocilliary clearance
ºMetabolic = [Angiotensin 1 and Serotonin]
ºHost Defense = Immune
adf
A: Upper Airways = Nose—>[oropharynx]—->glottis—->[Vocal Cords & Larynx]
B: Upper Airways purpose is to humidify, warm and Condition inspired air! 15,000 L of air enters the nares daily!
C: Resistance to airflow in the NOSE contributes to 50% of the [TOTAL AIR FLOW RESISTANCE]
adsf
A: LOWER AIRWAYS = Trachea —->[Carina]—> [Bronchial Tree]—> [terminal bronchiole] —> [RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE]—–>[Alveolar sac]
B: Lungs are “Lobulated” so that torso can flexibly move without Straining lung tissue! When lobes slide over each other this protects it from ripping/pneumothorax!
C: R Lung = 3 Lobes (RUL, RML, RLL)
L Lung = 2 Lobes (LUL, LLL)
D: [Conducting Zones] in the LOWER AIRWAYS do NOT participate in gas EXchange
E: Trachea = Open tube with [C-shaped cartilaginous rings] that PROTECT it from collapsing {especially during negative pressures from inspiration!}
ºTrachea BACKWALL = NON-striated muscle that sits IN FRONT of the Esophagus. This muscle allows
- adjustment of Trachea cross-sectional area AND
- PROTECT trachea from OVER DISTENSION!
asdf
[Conducting Zones]
A: [Airway Generations] 1-16 DO NOT have Alveoli/Gas Exchange! and are termed—->[Anatomical DEAD SPACE]. This space is 150 mL in volume
B: [Bronchopulmonary segments] are the Anatomical functional lung unit
vs.
[Respiratory Bronchioles & Alveoli] which are the PHYSIOLOGICAL functional Lung unit
asdf
A: [Airway Generations] 17-23 are Alveolated :-). This LARGE SURFACE AREA has
ºvolume of [2.5-3 Liters!], is
º5 mm in length
ºand has surface area of 50-100 m2
A2: It consist of [RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES 17-19] and [Alveolar Ducts 20-23]
B: The space between the [Terminal Nonrespiratory Bronchioles] and the [RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES] {Generation 17-19} is the [Transition Zone] and is only partially Alveolated
C: 2500 mL of Lung volume participate in gas exchange and as [Airway Generation] INC—> INC [Cross-sectional area] —-> [Airway generation 1-6] has MOST resistance!
D: Pulmonary Vasculature exhibits a [Physiological Shunt] that allows [2/3 of DEoxygenated blood from [BRONCHIAL VEIN]] to fall into [Oxygenated arterial Blood of the [PULMONARY VEIN]] traveling to L atrium :-(
asdf
A: [Type 1 Alveolar cells] = VERY THIN Squamous EPithelial cells tht hve large area and make up 97% of Alveolar surface! [Type 1 Alveolar cells] are used to enhance gas exchange with [Pulmonary capillary blood]
C: [TYPE 2 Alveolar cells] make up 3% of Alveolar surface and produce SURFACTANT—> DEC [Inward Pulling Surface Tension]
D:Thin [Pulmonary capillary eNdothelium] also has large surface area and is sandwiched with [Alveolar EPithelium]. It is WIDE and allows blood to pass through lungs as “sheet flow”—> At All times and All sides capillary blood contacts alveolar space through an [ULTRA THIN capillary membrane]
asdf
A: [Surface Tension] is an Inward PULLING Force caused by H20 attraction to other H20 living inside the sac! It is HIGHER in smaller sacs and responsible for stretch resistance! [Surface Tension] DEC surface area and creates Recoil after being stretched!
C:LaPlace Law states…..
{Inward PULLING pressure MAGNITUDE} =
[2 x (Surface Tension)] / [Radius of Alveoli]
—————————————————————————————
D: If [Surface Tension] INC too much—>smaller alveoli will collapse first and force all air into [Larger Alveoli]—>will OVER DISTEND [Larger Alveoli] so….. smaller alveoli need more SURFACTANT to maintain balance amongst diff. sized alveoli
asdf
A: [Alveoli Interdependence] = Alveoli are mechanically tethered together and so tendency for 1 to collapse is prevented due to traction other neighbor alveoli exert.
B: [Collateral ventilation] are [Interbronchiolar]
º[Channels of Martin]
ºbronchiole-alveolar [Channels of Lambert]
º[Pores of Kohn]
**THESE all allow reInflation of a collapsed alveoli by supplying it with air from another Alveoli
asdf
A: [Mucous glands] are found wherever there’s Cartilage and since the further you go down the more you lose cartilage—> Mucous glands are NOT found in lower airways
B: Blood supply to the lungs are the [Bronchial circulation] and [PULMONARY CIRCULATION]
D: Within [Bronchial VEINS] 1/3 of its blood goes to the R heart using [Ayzygous/HEMIAzygous/ intercostal v.]
E: [PULMONARY CIRCULATION] delivers blood to lung for gas exchange and is the LARGEST VASCULAR BED IN THE BODY.
E1: Capillary volume = 70 mL at rest and 200 mL during exercise!
asdf
A: What are the metabolic functions of the Lung?
1) Converts [inactive Angiotensin 1] —> [ACTIVE Angiotensin 2]
2) DEactivates Bradykinin
3) Removes Serotonin, NorEpi, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
B: There are 3 mechanisms for deposition of inhaled particles
1) IMPACTION = LARGE particles “stick” in Nasopharynx
and are swallowed or coughed up
2) SEDimentation = MEdium particles settle & split in the small airways
C: The [Mucociliary clearance system] consist of 3 parts.
º[Mucus layer] sits on top of [Periciliary fluid] and helps TRAP inhaled particles. Healthy people produce 100 mL Mucus/day {using Goblet cells}
º[Cilia] are embedded in this [Periciliary fluid] with their TIPS touch the above [Mucus layer].
ºCilia beat/move 100 strikes/minute and in the trachea moves mucus toward the pharynx where it’s swallowed
asdf
conducting zone airway specifics A: Trachea = Generation 1 1. Cilia 2. [Non-striated Smooth Muscle] 3. Cartilage --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B: Bronchi = Generation 2-8 1. Cilia 2. Smooth Muscle 3. PATCHY Cartilage --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C: Bronchioles 1. Cilia 2.Smooth Muscle 3. NO CARTILAGE
asdf
RESPIRATORY ZONE AIRWAY SPECIFICS = lower down
A: [Respiratory Bronchioles]
1. some cilia
2. some smooth muscle
3. NO CARTILAGE
—————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————
B: [Alveolar ducts] 1. NO CILIA 2. some smooth muscle 3. NO CARTILAGE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C: [alveolar sacs] 1. NO CILIA 2. NO SMOOTH MUSCLE 3. NO CARTILAGE
asdf
B: The DIAPHRAGM (innervated by phrenic n.) is MOST important muscle of inspiration. It accounts for 75% of INC in thorax volume and when stimulated, flattens downward 1 cm to enlarge the cavity vertically
B2: Others include external intercostal muscles when stimulated it moves Up and Out for inspiration
C: DIAPHRAGM is REQUIRED but inspiration will still work without [external intercostal muscles]
D: [Scalenus] and [Sternocleidomastoid] muscles are [Accessory FORCED INSPIRATION] muscles that raise sternum and elevates Ribs 1&2 Up and Out
asdf
B: FORCED EXPIRATION (like exercise) involves contraction of the
1) Abd m. —> INC abd pressure and PUSHES diaphragm up reducing vertical dimension
2) [internal intercostal m.] –>flattens rib cage by PULLING ribs down and inward during Expiration
asdf
A: [Total Lung CAPACITY], [Functional residual CAPACITY] and [Residual Volume] can NOT be measured with spirometry because they include [Residual Volume] which is unchanged
B: There are 4 Lung Volumes and 4 CAPACITIES. CAPACITIES always consist of 2 [lung volumes]
- Tidal Volume = 500 mL = amount of air moving when we inspire and expire AT REST
- [Inspiratory Reserve Volume] = 3000 mL = Amount of Air ON TOP OF TV that we can inhale until max
- [Expiratory Reserve Volume] = 1200 mL = Amount of Air ON TOP OF TV we can exhale forcefully until all out
- [Residual Volume] = 1200 mL = constant stagnant amount of air that remains in lungs 24/7 even after forced expiration. RV CAN NOT BE MEASURED WITH SPIROMETRY
