A - 1 - Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles

Question 1

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 1

A single celled organism without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Question 2

What is a Eukaryote?

Answer 2

An organism made up of a cell (or cells) containing a nucleus

Question 3

What are organelles?

Answer 3

A part of a cell

Question 4

Which organelles are found in animal cells?

Answer 4

• Cell surface membrane
• Rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
• Nucleolus
• Nucleus
• Lysosome
• Ribosome
• Nuclear Envelope
• Golgi apparatus
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria

Question 5

Which organelles are found in plant cells?

Answer 5

• Cell surface membrane
• Rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
• Nucleolus
• Nucleus
• Lysosome
• Ribosome
• Nuclear Envelope
• Golgi apparatus
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• A cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata
• A vacuole
• Chloroplasts

Question 6

Which organelles are commonly found in Algal Cells?

Answer 6

All the same organelles as in a plant cell:

• Cell surface membrane
• Rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
• Nucleolus
• Nucleus
• Lysosome
• Ribosome
• Nuclear Envelope
• Golgi apparatus
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• A cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata
• A vacuole
• Chloroplasts

Question 7

What are the similarities between algal cells and plant cells?

Answer 7

• They carry out photosynthesis

- They have all the same organelles

Question 8

What are the Differences between algal cells and plant cells?

Answer 8

• Algal cells can be multicellular or unicellular

- The chloroplasts in many algal cells are a different shape and size to plant chloroplasts

Question 9

Which organelles are found in Fungal cells?

Answer 9

• Ribosomes
• Cell surface membrane
• Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Nucleolus
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Golgi apparatus
• Vacuole
• Nuclear envelope
• Chitin cell wall
• Cytoplasm

Question 10

How are Fungal cells similar to algal cells?

Answer 10

They both can be multicellular or unicellular

Question 11

How are Fungal cells different to plant cells?

Answer 11

• Their cell walls are made of chitin rather than cellulose

- They don’t have chloroplasts because they don’t photosynthesise

Question 12

Describe the cell surface membrane

Answer 12

The membrane found on the surface of plant and animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells. Its mainly made of lipids and protein

Question 13

Describe the function of the cell surface membrane

Answer 13

• Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
• Has receptor molecules on it allowing It to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 14

Describe the structure of the nucleus

Answer 14

A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) which contains many pores.
The nucleus contains chromosomes and one or more structures called a nucleolus

Question 15

Describe the function of the nucleus

Answer 15

• Controls the cells activities (controls transcription)
• DNA contains instructions to make proteins
• The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 16

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

Answer 16

• Usually oval shaped
• Have a double membrane (inner membrane folded to form cristae)
• Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration

Question 17

Describe the function of the mitochondria

Answer 17

• The site of aerobic respiration. This produces ATP which Is a common energy source in the cell
• They are found in large numbers in cells that are active and require a lot of energy

Question 18

Describe the structure of a chloroplast

Answer 18

• A small fattened structure found in plant cells and algal cells
• Surrounded by a double membrane
• Has membranes inside calle thylakoid membranes
• These are staked to form Grana
• Grana are linked together by lamellae (thin flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)

Question 19

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

Answer 19

It is the site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grans and others happen in the stroma

Question 20

Describe the Golgi apparatus

Answer 20

A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs

Question 21

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 21

It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes

Question 22

Describe the structure of the Golgi Vesicle

Answer 22

A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus

Question 23

What is the function of the Golgi Vesicle?

Answer 23

Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell (via the cell surface membrane)

Question 24

Describe the structure of a lysosome

Answer 24

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure. Its a type of Golgi vesicle

Question 25

What is the function of a lysosome?

Answer 25

Contains digestive enzymes calles lysozymes. These are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell

Question 26

Describe the structure of a ribosome

Answer 26

- A very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum - Made up of proteins and RNA - Not surrounded by a membrane

Question 27

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 27

The site where proteins are made

Question 28

Describe the structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 28

- A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space | - The surface is covered in ribosomes

Question 29

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 29

Fold and processes the proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

Question 30

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 30

Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no ribosomes

Question 31

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 31

Synthesis and processes lipids

Question 32

Describe the structure of the cell wall

Answer 32

- A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi - In plants and algae its made mainly of the carbohydrate and cellulose - In fungi its made of chitin

Question 33

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 33

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

Question 34

Describe the structure of the cell vacuole (in plants)

Answer 34

- A membrane bound organelle - Found in the cytoplasm - Contains cell sap ( A weak solution of sugar and salts) - The surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast

Question 35

What is the function of the cell vacuole (in plants)?

Answer 35

- Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell - Keeps the cell rigid - This stops the plant wilting - Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell

Question 36

How are epithelial cells adapted in the small intestine to absorb food efficiently?

Answer 36

- Villi increase the surface area - On the surface of the villi there are fold in the cell-surface membranes called microvilli which increase the surface area - They have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the transport of digested food molecules into the cell

Question 37

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen around the body?

Answer 37

They have no nucleus as this makes more room for haemoglobin

Question 38

How are sperm cells adapted for their function?

Answer 38

They contain a lot of mitochondria to provide the large amounts of energy needed to propel themselves towards the egg

Question 39

What are tissues?

Answer 39

Groups of similar cells working together to perform a particular function

Question 40

What are organs?

Answer 40

Groups of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

Question 41

What is an organ system?

Answer 41

A group of organs working together to carry out a particular function