A 2 connective Tissue

Question 1

Where do you find the GAG dermatan sulfate?

Which type of collagen is it associated with?

Answer 1

a)Dermatan sulfate: dermis, tendons, ligaments, fibrocartilage; associated with type I collagen

Question 1

what is the only collagen (for our purpose) that is argyrophilic?

Answer 1

Type 3 collagen

Question 2

what makes type 1 collagen?

Answer 2

all of the “blasts”. Chondroblast, osteoblasts, odontoblasts, fibroblasts.

Question 3

What is the function of fibronectin?

Answer 3

It is important in cell adhesion and migration

Question 4

Which cells makes type 2 collagen?

Answer 4

chondroblasts

Question 5

Which cells make type 3 collagen?

Answer 5

fibroblasts, smooth muscle, schwann cells, hepatocytes.

Question 6

which type of collagen forms anchoring fibrils in the basement membrane?

Answer 6

Type 7 collagen. It anchors the skin epidermal basal lamina to underlying CT.

Question 7

which type of collagen is found in the basal lamina and is responsible for forming networks?

Answer 7

Type 4 collagen

Question 8

what is Ehlers danlos type 4 disease?

Answer 8

Its a deficiency in type 3 collagen.(ruptured arteries and intestines)

Question 9

What is Ehlers danlos type 6 disease?

Answer 9

Its a deficiency in type 1 collagen. Deficiency causes skin to be very elastic, eyeball problems.

Question 10

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 10

a type 1 collagen defect associated with brittle bones, thin skin, weak tendons, and hearing loss.

Question 11

If you are looking at a histological stain of collagen that has long and wavy fibers that stain pink with eosin or green with trichrome, what are the possible types that it could be?

Answer 11

Type 1 or type 3. It could not be type 2 because it does not form fibers.

Question 12

how does a vitamin C deficiency affect collagen synthesis?

Answer 12

It prevents hydroxylation of the proline and lysine residues which would prevent the formation of the triple alpha helix (procollagen).

Question 13

What type of fibers branch?

Answer 13

elastic fibers only.

Question 14

Which cells make elastic fibers?

Answer 14

smooth muscle and fibroblasts.

Question 15

what two components make up and elastic fiber?

Answer 15

1) microfiber (has fibrillin in it)

2) Elastin

Question 16

Elastic fibers develop in 3 stages which are?

Answer 16

1) oxytalin fibers (fibrillin scaffold)
2) Elaunin fibers (elastin surrounding oxytalin)
3) Elastic fibers (elastin central core surrounded by micro-fibrils)

Question 17

ground substance is primarily composed of what?

Answer 17

GAG’s and glycoproteins

Question 18

where do you find the GAG chondroitin sulfate?

which type of collagen is it associated with?

Answer 18

b) Chondroitin sulfate: hyaline and elastic cartilage; associated with type II collagen

Question 19

where do you find the GAG Heparan sulfate?

which type of collagen is it associated with?

Answer 19

In reticular fibers and basal laminae. It’s associated with type III and IV collagen.

Question 21

What is chondronectin?

Answer 21

It binds condrocytes to collagen

Question 21

What are Claudins?

Answer 21

Protein segments of the tight junction.

Question 22

what is the function of laminins?

Answer 22

they help to bind epithelia to basal lamina (integrin binds laminin which binds entactin which binds Type 4 collagen)

Question 23

What causes cholera?

Answer 23

Changes in the permeability of tight junctions that can lead to severe diarrhea and dehydration.

Question 24

What is pemphigus vulgaris?

Answer 24

An autoimmune disease that attacks the cadherins desmocollin and desmoglein in desmosomes.

Question 25

What is the only cell type without gap junctions?

Answer 25

Skeletal muscle

Question 27

What makes up the brush border?

Answer 27

Microvilli + glycocalyx

Question 28

Marfan is a defect in what?

Answer 28

Fibrillin (makes up the oxytalan fibers of Elastic fibers)

Question 29

Name the 5 GAG's and their uses?

Answer 29

-Dermatan sulfate: Associate w/ Type 1 collagen. -Chondroitin sulfate: Associate w/ Type 2 collagen. -Heparan sulfate: Associate w/ Type 3 & 4 collagen. -Hyaluronic acid: cartilage (binds water) -Keratan sulfate: cartilage Mneumonic for the first 3: "Don't Choose HOS"

Question 30

Where are primitive mesenchymal cells found in adults?

Answer 30

-Single cell alongside blood vessels

Question 31

What is the function & histo of a mast cell?

Answer 31

- Inflammatory. Contain heparin (anti-coag), histamine (vascular permeability), and proteolytic enzymes - Lots of granules, but a single-lobed nuclus (unlike eosinophil). Often oval shape w/ round nucleus.

Question 32

What is the function and histo of a neutrophil?

Answer 32

- "Neut - ralize bacteria" that are coated w/ serum complement or IgG. Leaves Residual Bodies inside the neutrophil. After phagocytosis, neutrophil will die. - Multi-lobed nucleus, and don't stain much ("neutral")

Question 33

What is the function and histo of a monocyte?

Answer 33

- Phagocytose a bit, and respond to same chemo signals as neutrophils. Become macrophages. - Kidney bean nucleus

Question 34

What is the function and histo of a macrophage?

Answer 34

- Phagocytose & digest all foreign and damaged old cells. | - Lots of irregularly shaped cytoplasm

Question 35

What is the function and histo of the 3 lymphocytes?

Answer 35

- B= Make plasma cells, which make 2,000 Abs/sec. - T=Cytotoxic & Helper ("cell-mediated immunity") functions - B & T look the same. Big nucleus that basically fills the cell. - Plasma cells have a "clock face" nucleus, w/ a region of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi (often white) near the nucleus for make Ab's. More cytoplasm than a B or T cell.

Question 36

What is the function and histo of an eosinophil?

Answer 36

- Allergic responses and parasites | - Lots of granules (like mast cells) but have a bi-lobed nucleus

Question 37

What is the function and histo of a basophil?

Answer 37

-Release histamine ("Baso, or Basal levels of histamine are ok, but extra makes my nose go crazy!") -

Question 38

What is the function of a Natural Killer cell?

Answer 38

-Kills viruses and tumors

Question 39

The olefactory organs are an outreach from which area of the brain?

Answer 39

The telencephalon

Question 40

where do you find nuclei arranged into crude laminae?

Answer 40

Pons | superior colliculus

Question 41

What is reticular formation?

Answer 41

loose aggregations of neurons scattered throughout clearly defined nuclei.

Question 42

Where do you find laminar layers of nuclei?

Answer 42

cerebral cortex cerebellum hippocampus geniculate nucleus

Question 43

What percentage of the CNS is white matter?

Answer 43

60%

Question 44

what is a commisure?

Answer 44

it runs between two sides of the CNS

Question 45

What is the function of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system?

Answer 45

It stamps in behavior and sensory cues that leads to rewards.