a 2.2

Question 1

three main ideas of cell theory

Answer 1

1)all living things are made up of one or more cells
2)they are the basic functional units for life
3)new cells are produced from pre-existing ones

Question 2

all cells have what 3 features

Answer 2

• surrounded by membrane
• have genetic material
• chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes

Question 3

why are stains used in micropscophy

Answer 3

to visualise certain chemicals

Question 4

measuring using an eyepeice

Answer 4

this is called graticule
it is a fixed scale on an eyepeice that must be calibrated tp stage micrometer

Question 5

focusuing a microsscopes

Answer 5

• start on lowest lense
• start with specimin far away as possible
• use coarse knob to get it right
• use fine focusing know to sharpen

Question 6

all peices of microscope

Answer 6

• nosepecie
• eyepeice
• objective lense
• turent
• condenser and diagghram
• lamp
• stage

Question 7

image size

Answer 7

actual x magnification

Question 8

maginification

Answer 8

image/actual

Question 9

actual

Answer 9

image/magnification

Question 10

1 metre x 1000

Answer 10

1000 mm

Question 11

1 mm x 1000

Answer 11

1000 micrometre um

Question 12

1 micrometer um x 1000

Answer 12

1000 nanometre

Question 13

scale bar represents?

Answer 13

size before an image was enlarged

Question 14

scale bars can be used to calculate

Answer 14

magnification

Question 15

scale bars should represnt how much of full image

Answer 15

20%

Question 16

steps tp using scale bar

Answer 16

measure in MM
convert to corect unit
insert to formula

Question 17

scale bar formula

Answer 17

scale length = lentgh it shows x magnification
magnification = scale length/lentgh it shows
lentgh shown = scale / magnification

Question 18

magnification

Answer 18

how many times biggger the image produced is than the actual object

Question 19

resolution

Answer 19

the ability to distiguish between two structures that are very close to one another

Question 20

light microscope resolution and megnification

Answer 20

0.25 um and x 500

Question 21

electron microscope resolution and mag

Answer 21

0.002 um and x500000

Question 22

electron microscopes can only observe what structures due to resolution

Answer 22

mitrochondria, chloroplast, nucelus

Question 23

transmission electron microscope

Answer 23

a beam of electrons goes through a specimin
the desner the part it, absorbs more electrons
give high resolution images
alows internal structures to be observed

Question 24

scanning electron microscopes

Answer 24

beam moves across specimin
they bounce off the surface
3d image is formed
lower resolution then TEM

Question 25

light: - small and easy - no room vaccum needed - not complicated sample - up to x2000 mg - 0.25 um resolution - can be live or dead

Answer 25

electron - large big set up vaccum needed - complicated sample - x500000 mg - 0.25 never mind - must be dead

Question 26

flurocent stains and immunoflouresecense

Answer 26

- antibodies get stained with a flurcent dye - these are tagged - connect with antigen - we can observe the precence of thr tagged through light abosrbtoon and reemissio

Question 27

freeze fracture

Answer 27

used to produce images of cell surface put in liquid propane -190 blade cuts sample carbon vapor covers the cut makig a replica

Question 28

what are three structures that all cells have

Answer 28

- plasma membrane - dna - cytoplasm

Question 29

two types of prokaryote

Answer 29

- eubacteria - archea

Question 30

structural features of prokaryotes

Answer 30

- cytoplasm not devided - no membrane bound organells - 70s ribosomes - loops of dna - smaller loops of dna - plsmids

Question 31

cytosol

Answer 31

substance in cytoplasm

Question 32

cell walls in prokaryotes

Answer 32

with the glycoprotein peptidoglycon

Question 33

feaures prokaryotes may also have

Answer 33

- capsule - enfolding walls - plasmids - cilla or flagellum

Question 34

eukaryotic

Answer 34

cells where there are many membrane bound organnels wheras brokaryotic is a single compartment

Question 35

0 membranes surrounding

Answer 35

- microtubules, micofillaments

Question 36

1 membrane surrounding

Answer 36

- rough and smootheER, goligi apparatus, lysomes, vesticles, vacuole

Question 37

2 membranes surrounding

Answer 37

- nucleus, mitrochondria, chloroplasts

Question 38

what do membrane bound organellls allow for

Answer 38

- higher enzyme concentration - speration - optimal conditions - number and location controll

Question 39

plant and animal share all structures apaart from

Answer 39

- chloroplast, cell walll for plant - centroles for animal

Question 40

plasma membrane

Answer 40

controlls material echange through bilayer

Question 41

nucelus

Answer 41

contains chromatin darker area is nucleous

Question 42

chromosomes

Answer 42

sections of linear DNA wrapped around a protein called histones

Question 43

rough endoplasmic recticulum

Answer 43

covered in 80 s ribosomes processes proteins made by the ribosomes

Question 44

ribosomes

Answer 44

found loosley and on rer construced in nucelus sight of translation

Question 45

mitrochondria

Answer 45

sight of respiration - outer meberane - inner - maxtrix - cistrate

Question 46

golgi apparatus

Answer 46

Flattened sacs of membrane called cisternae Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles The vesicles then transport the proteins and lipids to their required destination

Question 47

vesicles

Answer 47

mebrane bound sacs for transport lysoes

Question 48

chloroplasts

Answer 48

double membraned - thylakoids hold chlorphyll for photosynthesis they stack to form grana - granan joined by lamelbe

Question 49

MRH GREN

Answer 49

- METABOLISM - REPORDUCTION - HOMEOSTSIS - regulation of internal conditions - GROWTH - RESPONSE - EXCRETION - NUTRITION

Question 50

comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: cell walls

Answer 50

- animal dont have so may burnt - plants made of celluose - fungi mafe of glucans called chitin

Question 51

comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: vacuoles

Answer 51

- snimals have small and temporary ones - plant and fungi have large and permanent

Question 52

comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: chloroplast

Answer 52

- plant yas - animal and fungi no

Question 53

comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: cplastids

Answer 53

- plants have many - animal and fungi dont have

Question 54

comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: centrioles

Answer 54

- animal cells have used in celll devison - plant and fungi font havr

Question 55

comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: cillia and flagella

Answer 55

- animals have - plant dont have cilla some flaggella - fungi dont have cillia some flagella