A 4

Question 1

Gram positive bacteria secrete blebs of what?

Answer 1

LTA (Lipotechoic acid)

Question 2

Gram negative bacteria secrete blebs of what?

Answer 2

LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and endotoxins

Question 3

Extracellular bacteria stimulate the release of what?

Answer 3

Inflammatory cytokines.

Question 4

which molecule released by bacteria act as a chemoattractant for PMN’s?

Answer 4

fMLP (bacteria initiate protein synthesis with methionine linked to a formyl group.

Question 5

CC (cystine-cystein) does what?

Answer 5

Cause migration of monocytes and lymphocytes (CCL2)

Question 6

CxC (cystein-protien-cystein) does what?

Answer 6

migration of PMN’s (CXCL8)

Question 7

where are cytokines made?

Answer 7

Immune cells (Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells) mainly but also;
epithelial cells
endothelial cells
fibroblasts

Question 8

what is a pleiotropic cytokine?

Answer 8

acts on many different cells types and not just one.

Question 9

what is a multifunctional cytokine?

Answer 9

same cytokine mediates several different functions.

Question 10

Cytokines initiate and regulate which 3 responses?

Answer 10

1) innate immune response
2) adaptive immune response
3) hematopoiesis (growth factors)

Question 11

what are the 4 localized pro-inflammatory cytokines of acute (innate) inflamation?

Answer 11

TNF, IL1,6,8. (CXCL 8 = IL-8)

Question 12

cytokine receptors are called what?

Answer 12

PRR (pattern recognition receptors) and cytokine receptors

Question 13

what is CSF in immunology?

Answer 13

Colony stimulating factor (promotes growth), often given to cancer patients to prevent the left shift of granulocytopenia.

Question 14

What does IFN gamma do?

Answer 14

critical for killing intracellular bacteria through T-cells and NK cells.

Question 15

what is normally higher in the liver albumin or globulin?

Answer 15

albumin

Question 16

If the ratio of albumin to globulin decreases what does this suggest?

Answer 16

Inflammation (A/G ratio reversed = inflammation)

Question 17

Bacteria induce macrophages to make IL6 which has what effect?

Answer 17

It causes the liver to shift protein synthesis from a lot of albumin to a lot of globulin promoting inflammation.

Question 18

what do MBL (mannose binding lectin) and ficolins do?

Answer 18

they bind carbohydrates on the pathogen surface providing a bridge linking the immune system to the pathogen. (lectin pathway of complement)

Question 19

which TLR’s are responsible for extracellular recognition? Which are for Gram Pos/ Gram Neg?

Answer 19

• 1,2,4,5,6
• Positive: 1,2,6
• Neg: 4

Question 20

which TLR’s are responsible for intracellular pathogen recognition?

Answer 20

3,7,8,9 (receptor faces inward such as in a vacuole)

Question 21

Once stimulated, what do the TLR’s do?

Answer 21

They initiate NFkB transcription factors leading to cytokine synthesis.

Question 22

Describe apoptosis?

Answer 22

single cells
cell membrane intact (blebs)
cell shrinks
no inflammation
removed by phagocytes

Question 23

Describe necrosis?

Answer 23

cell and surroundings affected
cell membrane is leaky
cells swells and all functions cease
inflammation

Question 24

If you see pus, it is most likely from?

Answer 24

PMN’s that have engulfed extracellular bacteria.

Question 25

Acute inflammation is taken care of by?

Answer 25

innate immunity

Question 26

chronic inflammation is taken care of by?

Answer 26

adaptive immunity

Question 27

What are 4 cytokines of chronic (adaptive) inflammation?

Answer 27

IFN gamma, IL 2,4,5

Question 28

If you see a granuloma, this is a hallmark of what?

Answer 28

intracellular organisms associated with chronic inflammation.

Question 29

Rubor? Calor? Tumor? Dolor?

Answer 29

1) erythema 2) heat 3) swelling 4) pain

Question 30

T/F arthritis and cancer are types of inflammation?

Answer 30

True just like infection is.

Question 31

what is the rebuck skin window?

Answer 31

a way to study cell migration (immune cells). Abrade skin and place cover slip, remove and replace at specific times. Stain slips from different times to see which cells migrated to the area.

Question 32

what is the order of leukocyte migration?

Answer 32

1) PMN's (1-2 hours) 2) monocytes 3) macrophage (mature in 24 hours) 4) lymphocytes

Question 33

where are most PMN's located?

Answer 33

95% are in circulation.

Question 34

how do PMN's get through the endothelial cells?

Answer 34

1) bind P selectins (rolling) | 2) bind E selectins (stopping)

Question 35

other factors that help PMN's to move form blood to tissue include?

Answer 35

1) Integrins from the leukocytes themselves 2) ICAMS and CXCL8 from endothelial cells. (Recall integrins bind ICAMS)

Question 36

where is the only place where leukocytes can exit the cardiovascular system?

Answer 36

slow moving veins.

Question 37

T/F inflammation initiates wound healing?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Type 1 Interferons (IFN alpha & B, for ex) are primarily produced by what kind of cell?

Answer 38

-Non-immune cells