A Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
Factors that influence a person’s attitude to be consistent
A
Knowledge
Personal relevance
Attitude accessibility
Intentions
2
Q
Attitudes: intentions (theory of planned behavior)
A
Theory stating that the best predictor of behavior is one’s behavioral intention, which is influenced by one’s attitudes toward specific behavior, the subjects norms regarding the behavior, and one’s perceived control over the behavior
3
Q
Persuasion: non-reactive measures
A
Measures that don’t change a subject’s responses while recording them
E.g. Cialdini and Baumann predicted an election based on the removal of flyers from windshields
4
Q
Cognitive-response model
A
Theory that locates the main cause of persuasion in the self-talk of the persuasion target
5
Q
Persuasion: counter arguments
A
Arguments that challenge and oppose other arguments
E.g.
Authority:Dr Oz
Time: sales people will make sure you don’t have breaks so you won’t have time to think you’re wasting your time
6
Q
Persuasion: inoculation procedure
A
Technique for increasing individuals resistance to an argument by first giving them weak, easily defeated versions of it
E.g. Marlboro ad- dead horse vs attractive person
7
Q
Dual process model of persuasion
A
Model that accounts for two ways that attitude change occurs- with and without much though
8
Q
Persuasion: elaboration-likelihood model
A
Peripheral route
Central route
9
Q
Persuasion; elaboration-likelihood; central route
A
Focusing on the QUALITY of the message
Message recipients will consider a communication deeply when they have both
The motivation The ability
10
Q
Persuasion; elaboration-likelihood model; peripheral route
A
Focusing on factors OTHER than the quality of the message
E.g. Communication status
Communicator attractiveness: are they up there because they’re qualified or because they’re attractive
11
Q
Goals of persuasion
A
For individuals to hold a more accurate view of the world, be consistent with themselves, and gain social approval and acceptance
In other words, seek accuracy
12
Q
Influencers on your accuracy judgement
A
Credibility of the communicator
Is the person an expert? Trustworthy?
Other’a responses (social proof)
Which side do people seem to be taking?
Ready ideas (availability) What side have I heard frequently or recently?
13
Q
What affects the desire for accuracy?
A
Issue involvement Mood Done deals Welcome or unwelcome Expertise and complexity
14
Q
Desire for accuracy: issue involvement
A
Cognitive resources are too limited to think too deeply about every issue
People focus their accuracy concerns on issues that involve them directly
15
Q
Desire for accuracy: mood
A
Persuaders will attempt manipulate your emotions in order to persuade
E.g. Sad moods motivate people to acquire accurate attitudes about the situation at hand. They can also warn you of potential danger of making errors in immediate environment
E.g. Sad adopt a dog commercial with sad music
16
Q
Desire for accuracy: done deals
A
Desire to be unbiased and accurate is much stronger before a person makes a decision
After the decision, the accuracy motive fades in favor of the desire to feel good about the decision
17
Q
Desire for accuracy: welcome or unwelcome information
A
People tend not to expend cognitive effort looking for flaws in an argument that supports their beliefs
Those who encounter information that doesn’t fit search for weaknesses they can use to form counter arguments
18
Q
Desire for accuracy l: expertise and complexity
A
People rely on the expertise of a communicator principally when the message is highly complex
19
Q
Consistent principle
A
The principle that people will change their attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and actions to make them consistent with each other
20
Q
Essential components of love
A
Passion
Intimacy
Commitment
21
Q
Passionate love (infatuation)
A
A state of intense longing for union with another
22
Q
Intimacy
A
Liking someone for who they are
23
Q
Commitment
A
Empty love as Sternberg puts it
24
Q
Compassionate love
A
Affection and tenderness for those whose lives are entwined with our own
25
Goals of Romaric relationships
Obtaining sexual satisfaction
Establishing family bonds
Gaining resources and social status
26
How often do we think about sex?
About every 5 minutes
27
Sociosexual orientaion
Individual differences in tendency to prefer either
28
Unrestricted sex
Sex without the necessity of love
29
Restricted six
Sex only in the context of a long-term, loving relationship
30
What is considered to be attractive?
High body symmetry
Women with low waists to hip ratios, lustrous, shinny hair, large eyes, small nose and chin
Men with masculine features, a large jaw and a medium sized nose, v shape torso
31
Why am I attracted to you?
You're hot, I'm familiar with you, I know you well, similar to me, similar to someone else I like, you think I'm hot, I get excited around you
32
Outcomes of being attractive
Better grades, better social ratings, hire Salary, more influence, more assistance, less consequences
33
Halo effect
Common belief that attractive individuals posses a host of other positive qualities beyond their physical appearance
They are judged to be happier, more intelligent, more popular, nicer, wealthier, and more successful
34
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The tendency for people to act in ways that bring about confirmation of a belief they already hold
Snyder & tanke - women who perceived as more attractive actually became more charming over the phone
35
Impact of attractiveness
Immediacy
| Prestige
36
Proximity
People that you see or hangout with more than others, which leads to higher levels of attractiveness
Zajonc mirror exposure experiment was able to show this by exposing subjects to words and photos. Subjects that were shown 25 times vs 5 favored those words are photos more
College dorm experiment
Apartment social interactions
Mozart or Schoenberg rat experiment
37
Mirror images
We prefer mirror images (68% vs 32%) while others prefer photo images (61% vs 39%)
38
Evidence that similarity attracts
Burgess &a William
Higher match on characteristics
Murstein
Higher match on attractiveness
Response to email survey with people with similar names
People report liking and being more attracted to people who mirror their posture, mood, and verbal style
39
Do opposites attract?
Only for short term periods
40
Why being similar with your lover works
Similar others validate our beliefs l, facilitate smooth interactions, we expect similar others to like us, similar others have qualities we like
41
Transference
When our liking of a new person is increased because of a perceived similarity to someone who was important to us in the past
Freudian roots
42
Evidence that we're attracted to people we use to like
Chen & Anderson
Session 1 - describe either a good or bad ex
Session 2 - rate description of a "new" person
"Hey you're getting a new neighbor. Here's what they're like."
Depending if they were told to list traits of a good or bad ex determined if they were going to like the description
43
Evidence on flattery
Drachman, deCarufel, & Insko
| Men who were flattered that were asked for a favor were most likely to say yes
44
Misattribution of arousal
When aroused, you can have the same feeling of love, anger, or fear. The circumstances of the situation determine your emotions.
Schachter &a Singer
Participants were injected with epinephrine. They were placed in a room with a happy or angry confederate. Subjects ended up feeling the same as the confederate.
Dutton &a Aron
Scary bridge experiment.
45
Problems with love and misattribution of arousal
People expecting shock don't mistakenly attribute it to the attractive woman.
Fear causes heterosexual students to report more liking towards people of the same sex
46
Arousal facilitation theory
Arousal is a burst of energy that adds fuel to whatever fire is burning
47
Arousal settings
Obstacles to a love affair can produce arousal, which San sometimes fan the flames of love
Romeo and Juliet
48
Love through evolutionary psych
Differences in how males and females choose romantic partners should be predicted by the idea of parental investment
The more commitment in a relationship, the more intelligent a female prefers a male to be. Women will settle for an average intelligence for a first date. Expectations increase as commitment does
Men will settle for far less in sexual partners, but will want the same as women want in there men as commitment increases
49
Balance theory
Fritz Heider
Theory that says we want to agree with people we like, disagree with people we dislike, associate good things with good people, associate bad things with bad people
Rhoda and Mary on abortion
50
Cognitive dissonance
Leon Festinger
The unpleasant state of psychological arousal resulting from an inconsistency within one's important attributes, beliefs, or behaviors
51
Counter-attitudinal action
Behavior that's inconsistent with an existing attitude
52
Desire for consistency
Arousal
Individual preferences
Anticipated consequences
Salience
53
Affiliation motive
The desire to be near others and to have pleasant and affectionate interactions with them
54
Reinforcement-affect model
The theory that we like people we associate with positive feelings and dislike those we associate with negative feelings
55
Social exchange theory
We evaluate relationships based on the trading of benefits within the relationship
56
Goals of affiliation behavior
Getting social support
Getting information
Gaining status
Exchanging material benefits
57
Social support
The emotional, informational, or material assistance provided by other people in one's social network
58
Health psychology
Study of behavioral and psychological factors that affect illness
59
Fight or flight men vs women
Men run or fight, but women "tend'
60
What effects do impersonal threats and social isolation have on social support?
They increase our motivation for social support
61
Stanley schachter's affiliation experiments
Schachter was able to manipulate manipulate the subject's love emotions into a different emotion such as fear. Fear and love have the same biological reactions
62
Why would we reject social support
When we feel we can't reciprocate or there's a potential of feeling embarrassed
63
Effects of social isolation
Depression
Loneliness
64
"Social isolation is the cruelest of tortures"
William James
65
Attachment
Emotional tie with another
66
Harry Harlow's surrogate mother experiment
Wire monkey with milk vs cloth monkey
Baby monkey spent 90%of time with cloth monkey
67
Self-disclosure
The sharing of intimate info about oneself
68
Affiliation and social comparison correlation
Leon Festinger
"Our motivation to obtain info from others is partly driven by desire for accurate info"
Part of the attraction of getting info from similar others is the positivity bias
69
Social comparison and uncertainty correlation
Uncertainty increases the desire to make social comparisons
When we're afraid, part of why we desire the company of others is to compare our own reactions with theirs
70
Gaining info and similarity correlation
When we're uncertain, we prefer info from other similar others
But if the issue is highly important to us, we prefer affiliating with others who can give us accurate info, whether they are similar or not
71
Gender differences in friendship types
Men's relationships are marked more by hierarchy and instrumentality
Women emphasize intimacy
72
Status by association
People often try to break social connections that could reflect poorly on them
The desire to form friendships with high status individuals is strong in status-oriented cultures
73
Dangers of seeking social status
Pursuing status motives in our relationships may reduce social support
74
Social exchange
The reading of benefits within relationships
75
Equity
State of affairs in which one person's benefits and cots from a relationship are proportional to benefits and Cora incurred by partner
76
Common sharing
All group members share in the group's resources as needed and depend on one another for mutual care
77
Authority ranking
Higher ranking individuals are entitled to loyalty, respect, and deference
Lower-ranking individuals are entitled to protection, advice, and leadership
78
Equality matching
No one gets more then others
People take turns, share equality, and reciprocate benefits
79
Market pricing
Individuals trade according to rational rules of self-interest, taking goods and services in proportion to what they put in, and seeking the best possible "deal"
80
Proximity-attraction principle
The tendency to become friends with those who live or work nearby
81
Mere exposure effect
The tendency to feel positively towards stimuli we have seen frequently
82
Social capital
Assets that can be drawn from social networks
83
Conformity
Changing one's behavior to match the responses or actions of others
84
Compliance
Changing one's behavior in response to a direct request
85
Obedience
Changing ones behavior in respect lose to a directive from an authority figure
86
Asch's conformity experiment
Which of these lines matches line A?
Experiment demonstrates that individuals will use social proof in order to be accepted even if they know what they're doing is completely wrong
87
Normative social influence
Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
88
Informational social influence
Influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
E.g. Asch's conformity experiment p
Aka chameleon effect
89
Foot-in-the-door technique
Increases compliance with large request by first getting compliance with smaller, related request
90
Participant observation
Research approach in which he researcher infiltrates the setting of interest to examine it from within
91
Stanley milgram's obedience experiment
Shock test
Overall: 25% went to max shock levels
Original experiment: 65% went to max shock levels
92
Goals of social influence
To choose correctly
Gain social approval
Be consistent with commitments
93
Why do we have a goal for choosing correctly?
We have a motive for competence (to master our environments for rewards and resources)
94
What do we do to help us make correct decisions?
We rely on authority figures and social proof
95
Why do we rely on authority figures
They are suppose to be experts and their directions can provide shortcuts to choosing correctly
96
Expert power
The capacity to influence that flows from ones presumed wisdom or knowledge
97
Social dysfunction
When individuals start using social proof which leads to mass hysteria
Riots
People emptying bank accounts
Etc
98
When are we likely to follow the behavior of others?
When there is a strong consensus among the others and are highly similar to us
E.g. Classrooms
Jim jones
Low authority nazi soldiers
Etc
99
Robert S Baron, Joseph Vandello, and Bethany Brunsman experiment
Students were shown pictures of a criminal line up and were asked to choose one
Results showed that when participants were uncertain of their own judgments, motivation to be accurate increased conformity
When participants were certain, motivation to be accurate decreased conformity
100
Goals of social influence
To choose correctly
To gain social approval
To be consistent with commitments
101
Descriptive norms
Norms that define what behaviors are typically performed
E.g. Most college students dress casually for class
102
Injunctive Norms
Norma that define what behaviors are typically approved or disapproved
E.g. It's inappropriate to wear a bathing suit to most classes
103
Norm of reciprocity
Norm that requires that we repay others with the form of behavior they have given us
104
Door-in-the-face technique
Technique that used to get a large favor by requesting a small favor first
105
That's-not-all technique
Making an initial offer, and then just before the target responds, enhancing the offer
The enhancement is designed to seem like a favor, and capitalize on reciprocity
E.g. Car sales man
106
Who's strong enough to resist strong group norms?
People who believe they have the ability to resist group norms and not identify with the group
107
Low-ball technique
After making an active choice for something, people make "mental possession" of it and it becomes part of their self-concept
It is often easier to continue with the commitment than to change the self-concept
E.g. Customer agrees to a new car for $15,000, then sales man changes the terms of the agreement by giving the features that didn't come with the agreement for a slightly higher price
108
Bait and switch technique
Gets people to accept a deal they would have dismissed if it had been offered first. It works by getting people to make a commitment to a general course of action
E.g. Customer comes in for a specific item that was advertised, sales person tells them that a bad product and then introduces a "better" item but Cora more
109
Labeling technique
When a label activates a favorable self-image. This motivates the person to act in ways that are consistent with that self-image
E.g. "Are you a generous person?" "Well than, can you contribute to Greenpeace?"
110
Harnessing existing commitments technique
Marketers who create links between our personal values and their products will likely have us as long-term customers
Public commitments as well such as athletes on tv
111
Social responsibility norm
Social rule that people should help those who are in need of assistance
112
Bystander effect
The tendency of a bystander to be less likely to help in an emergency if there are other onlookers present
113
Kitty Genoese story
Kitty Genoese was murdered and raped in a populated area of Queens NY and no one came to her aid even while she was screaming for help
Murder took over 30 minutes
38 witnesses and no one made a call to the police
First call Was made five minutes after she was dead
114
What happens when a group of people interpret an incident as an emergency
People will not get involved and hold responsibility to the others around them
115
"Smoke filled room" study
Conducted by Latane & Darley
Subjects were put in a room with other confederates. Smoke filled the room. When the confederates didn't reacted, the subject did not react because of the bystander effect. When the subject was alone, he would call for help
Alone: 70%
With 2 other real subjects: 40%
With 2 real confederates: 10%
116
Diffusion of responsibility
Tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members
117
Pluralistic ignorance
The phenomenon that occurs when bystanders to an emergency, trying to look poised, give misleading cues to others that no help is needed
118
Why would people let themselves be a victim of the bystander effect?
Sometimes people assume help would be seen as an unwelcome intrusion
119
"The epileptic seizure study"
One subject would be put in a booth by themselves and speak to other confederates who were believed to be in booths. One confederate would pretend to have a seizure.
This experiment showed that people will react to another emergency when they are by themselves (65%) with 2 other real subjects (40%) with two calm confederates (10%)
120
When people assume help would be seen as an unwelcome intrusion is called
Unwanted help: diffusion of responsibility
121
Shotland and Straw, 1976
When a woman fighting with a man shouted: "I don't even know you!" - help was more likely than if she shouted
"I don't know why I married you!"
122
Darley and Baston
Good samaritan experiment
Experimenters told theology students from Princeton about "the good Samaritan" (story of a Good Samaritan helping someone in need).
There were 4 possible conditions
- Good Samaritan talk in a hurry
- Good Samaritan not in a hurry
- neutral talk and in a hurry
- neural talk and not in a hurry
Study showed that those who were in a hurry did not help a confederate that was in need of assistance.
123
What to do if you are in need of help?
Be specific and make a lot of noise
Interpret what is the emergency
Assign someone else responsibility to help
124
Reasons for prosocial behavior
Improving our basic welfare: gaining genetic and material benefits
Gaining social status and approval
Managing self-image
Managing our moods and emotions
125
Inclusive fitness
The ability of one's genes to survive in one's own offspring AND in any relatives one helps
E.g. Helping a close relatives promotes the survival of those genes
126
Michael Cunningham experiment
Michael Cunningham and his colleagues asked people whether they would be willing to help other people in different situations
127
"Would you lend your car to your brother" study
Study showed that parents, siblings, children (70%) grandparents (60%) fist cousins ((45%) attractive stranger (10%)
128
Reciprocal aid
Help that occurs in return for prior help
E.g. Other animals will help non-relatives if they live in close proximity and can better survive by sharing
E.g. People working for organizations who provide more benefits work harder for the firm
129
Testosterone
Hormone linked to masculine body development and behavior in a wide range of species
130
Sex differences in aggression
Women generally have less testosterone than men
131
Differences among the Sex-change
Women changing to men got testosterone injections- became more aggressive and sexual
Men changing to women for testosterone suppressants - became less aggressive and sexual
132
Stephanie VanGoozen
Dutch psychologist that studies people undergoing sex change operations
133
The catharsis hypothesis
"Releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relives aggressive urges
134
Social learning theory of aggression
Theory that aggressive behavior is learned through direct reward and observing others being rewarded for aggressiveness
135
Albert Bandura
Conducted the "Bobo Doll" experiment where a bottoms weighted "Bobo" doll punched and kicked by adult in a video
136
Aggression correlation with aggression in the media
Watching a lot of violent TV is correlated with more violent behavior towards peers
Experimental studies, in which violence is controlled, also find effects of watching violence
137
Aggression correlation with violent video games
Playing violent video games is associated with a history of property distraction and hitting other students
College students randomly assigned to play a violent video game later had more aggressive thoughts and behaviors than those who played a nonviolent game
138
Prejudice definition
A generalized attitude towards members is a social group
139
Stereotype defines
A generalized belief about the expected behavior of members of a social group
140
Purpose of stereotypes
To save time and brain power
141
Explicit prejudice
Positive or negative feelings of which you are aware
142
Implicit prejudice
Feelings of which you are not aware
143
Implicit association test (IAT)
Feelings of which you are not aware of
144
Race implicit association test
People associate people's race as a way to assume whether the person is "good or bad"
E.g.
African American = bad
European American = bad
145
Height with implicit association test
We perceive tall people as "good" people over shorter people
146
Why do we have implicit prejudice?
READ: GUN GERMS AND STEAL
To promote survival
147
Discrimination defenition
Behaviors directed toward others because of their group membership
148
Direct and subtle discrimination examples
Ayres, 1991
White men were offered better deals on cars
World class trombonist Abbie Connant fought and won legal battles with the Munich Orchestra over sexual discrimination
White vs Black job applicants
149
Self-fulfilling prophecy
When an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectation to come true
150
Stereotype threat
The fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by others about one's group
151
Stereotype threat examples
(Stone at al, 1999)
White men did worse on athletic tasks they thought tapped "natural ability." But black men did worse if they thought it tapped "athletic intelligence"
White men did worse in math when they thought they were being compared to an Asian
152
How to create prejudice in 5 easy steps
Create strong social identity (an in-group)
Create competition
Create frustration (and this aggression
Have the "right" disposition
Conform to the masses
153
Muzafer sherif (1954)
```
Robbers and Caves experiment
Created prejudice in young boys through a competitive summer camp by...
1. Creating in-group bias
2. Create competition
3. Create frustration
4. Authorization
5. Conform to the masses
```
154
In-group bias
Tendency to benefit members of one's own groups over members of other groups
155
Characteristics of the authoritarian personality
1. Readily submit to authorities
2. Mistreat those lower on the ladder
3 are highly conventional
4. Believe in punishing the unconventional
5. View world in back-and-white terms
6. Are prejudice towards socially rejected out-groups (such as homosexuals)
156
How to stop prejudice
Reduce situations that allow for prejudice
Create cooperation between groups
157
Ignorance hypothesis
Simply exposing people to different groups should reduce prejudice
158
Group defined
Two or more people who influence each other
159
Nature of groups
They're independent
Share a common identity
Have a group structure
160
First experiment in social psychology
Norman Triplett 1897
University of Indiana
Cyclists raced faster when competing against other people, rather thank a clock
161
Social facilitation
Task performances improve only with simple or well-learned tasks but not tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
162
When is social facilitation activated?
Presence of others
Physiological arousal
Dominant response
163
Friendly crowds and social facilitation correlation
Friendly crowds enhance your performance
164
Social loafing definition
Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
165
Limiting social loafing
Making personal efforts identifiable
Making the task meaningful and important
Making it clear that personal efforts will lead to a better group performance
Increasing the interpersonal cohesiveness of the group
Recruiting group members with collectivist orientations
166
Shpperd's Good Cause Gum Study
Participants were put into two groups: wrap as much bubblegum in 10 minutes worth no motivation, and wrap gun with the motivation that the gum is for military troops
The group with motivation eliminated social loafing
167
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
168
Groupthink
A style of group decision making characterized by a greater desire among group members to get along and agree with one another than to generate and critically evaluate alternative viewpoints and positions
Group think causes groups to lose the benefits of group discussion
169
Symptoms of groupthink
```
Illusion of invulnerability
Inherent morality of the group
Rationalization
Stereotypes of outsiders
Self-censorship
Direct pressure
Mind guards
Illusion of unanimity
```
170
Avoiding groupthink
Open climate for discussion
Avoid insulation
Critical evaluators
Avoid being directive
171
Examples of groupthink
```
Pearl Harbor
Bay of pigs
Space shuttle challenger
Cuban middle crisis
War in Iraq?
```
172
Aggression defined
Behavior intended to injure another
173
Assertiveness defined
behavior intended to express dominance or confidence
174
Types of aggression
Indirect
Direct
Emotional
Instrumental
175
Indirect aggression defined and example
Attempt to hurt another without obvious face to face conflict
E.g. Spreading donors, cyber bulling, etc
176
Direct aggression defined
Behavior intended to hurt someone to their face
E.g. Fist fight
177
Emotional aggression defined
Hurtful behavior the stems from angry feelings
E.g. A child throws a temper
178
Instrumental aggression defined and example
Hurting another to accomplish another non-aggressive goal
E.g. Mother spanks a child when misbehaving
179
Gender differences in aggression
Girls tend to use more indirect aggression
Women are more prone to use physical aggression against partner
Men's aggression is more likely to do harm
180
Causes of aggression
Instinct
psychological influences
Learning
181
Sigmund Freud's theory on aggression
Human mans are aggressive because of their Thanatos drive
182
Freud's Libido drive
Creation
Growth
Creativity
Productivity
183
Freud's Thanatos drive
Also know as your death drive which is made up of...
Aggression
Destructive activities
Entropy
184
Darwin's theory on aggression
It is a matter of promoting your survival and reproducing
185
Aggression and adaptive goals
A drive towards aggressiveness could only evolve if it increased the chances of survival or reproduction. A drive toward "blind aggression" would be maladaptive
186
When are we aggressive?
Coping with feelings of annoyance
Trying to gain material and social rewards
Trying to gain or maintain social status
Protecting oneself or others
187
Original frustration-aggression hypothesis
Theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavior
188
Revised frustration-aggression hypothesis
Theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings
189
Who were the ones that conducted an experiment on aggression and violent video games?
Craig Anderson and Dill
190
Excitation transfer theory
Theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states, and any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses
191
Type A behavior pattern
A group of personality characteristics, including time urgency and comprehensiveness
192
Explanations on why we get frustrated
Excitation transfer theory
| Type A behavior pattern
193
Example of thwarted plans frustration
Your parents refuse to send money for your planned spring break ski vacation
194
Example of environmental frustration
You're stuck in a traffic jam and you're late for class
195
Berkowtiz 1993 experiment
Pain and cold water experiment
Students in one experiment were asked to place their hands in either painfully cold water or room temperature water, and then were asked to administrate a shock to someone
People who put their hands in the cold water were more likely to shock another person
196
Factors that make us aggressive
Heat
Pain
Poverty
And other unpleasant experiences
197
Hovland and Sears psychologists
Discovered that lynchings were highest during 1882-1930 when a recession followed a period of economic well-being
198
Results of the milligram shock experiment (% of people who went to 450 volts)
```
65 - original study
48 - different building
40 - teacher with learner
28- put hand on shock
22- orders by phone
20- ordinary man orders
9- 2 teachers rebel
5- teacher chooses shock level
```
