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Cell > A Concise Review of Eukaryotic Cell Biology (Metabolic Pathways) > Flashcards

A Concise Review of Eukaryotic Cell Biology (Metabolic Pathways) Flashcards

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1
Q

The sum total of all biochemical reactions occurring in a cell to maintain life and homeostasis

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

T/F: Anabolism is the degradation of products into simpler molecules

A

False (Catabolism)

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3
Q

The synthesis of molecules from their precursors in order to build more complex compounds

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

This represents pathways that involve both catabolism and anabolism

A

Amphibolism

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5
Q

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate; Major source of energy for cell

A

Glycolysis

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6
Q

Location of Glycolysis

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

Reactants and Products of Glycolysis

A

R: Glucose
P: Pyruvate (Aerobic) or Lactate (Anaerobic)

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8
Q

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (reversing glycolytic pathway)

A

Gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

Location of Gluconeogenesis

A

Either mitochondria or cytosol of either liver or kidney

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10
Q

Reactants and Products of Gluconeogenesis

A

R: Non-carbohydrate substrates
P: Glucose

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11
Q

Conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage; Insulin hormone stimulates this metabolism

A

Glycogenesis

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12
Q

Location of Glycogenesis

A

Cytosol (Liver or muscle cell)

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13
Q

Reactants and Products of Glycogenesis

A

R: Glucose
P: Glycogen

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14
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose-6-phosphate; Controlled by hormones such as glucagon (pancreas) and epinephrine (adrenal glands)

A

Glycogenoylsis

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15
Q

Location of Glycogenolysis

A

Cytosol (Liver or muscle cell)

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16
Q

Reactants and Products of Glycogenolysis

A

P: Glucose-6-Phosphate (Muscle Cells)
R: Glucose (Liver cells)

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17
Q

T/F: Glycogenolysis is the reverse of glycogenesis

A

False: It is a separate pathway altogether

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18
Q

Alternative glucose pathway; Produces reducing equivalents necessary in reductive synthesis of fatty acids

A

Hexose/Pentose Monophosphate Pathway

(Has an irreversible oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a reversible non oxidative phase, which provides ribose precursors for nucleotide synthesis

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19
Q

Location of Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

A

Cytosol

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20
Q

Reactants and Products of Hexose/Pentose Monophosphate Pathway

A

R: Glucose-6-Phosphate
P: NADPH and Ribose phosphate

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21
Q

Catabolic reaction that breaks down fructose into dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P)

A

Fructose Metabolism

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22
Q

Location of Fructose Metabolism

A

Cytoplasm of hepatic cells

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23
Q

Reactants and Products of Fructose Metabolism

A

R: Fructose
P: DHAP and G3P

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24
Q

Conversion of Galactose into Glucose so it can enter the glycolytic pathway

A

Galactose Metabolism

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25
Location of Galactose Metabolism
Cytoplasm of hepatic cells
26
Reactants and Products of Galactose Metabolism
R: Galactose P: Glucose
27
Process by which lactate formed in glycolysis (in Skeletal muscles) and erythrocytes in transported to the liver and kidney it reforms glucose
Lactic Acid Cycle/Cori Cycle
28
Reactants and Products of Lactic Acid Cycle
R: Lactate P: Lactate and glucose
29
Location of Lactic Acid Cycle? Conversion into Glucose? Formation of Lactate?
Conversion into glucose: Liver and Kidney | Formation of Lactate: Skeletal muscles and erythrocytes
30
An indirect way of utilizing muscle glycogen to maintain blood glucose in the fasting state
Glucose-Alanine Cycle
31
In the Glucose-Alanine cycle, there is an excess of alanine from the skeletal muscle when in a fasted state, which is exported to the liver as a substrate for ___.
Gluconeogenesis
32
The synthesis of fatty acids is a/an (catabolic/anabolic)reaction that involves the synthesis of long fatty acids
Anabolic
33
Location of Glucose-Alanine Cycle
Liver
34
Reactant and Products of Glucose-Alanine cycle
Glucose and Urea
35
Location of Fatty Acids Synthesis
Cytosol
36
Reactants and Products of Synthesis of Fatty Acids
R: Acetyl-CoA P: Palmitate
37
Oxidation of Fatty Acids is a/an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
Catabolic
38
Location of Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Mitochondria
39
Reactants and Products of the Oxidation of Fatty Acids
R: Fatty acids P: Acetyl-CoA
40
Each step in this metabolic pathway involves acyl-CoA derivatives, utilizes NAD+ and FAD as coenzymes, and generates ATP
Oxidation of Fatty Acids
41
Conversion of glycerol into triglyceride for energy storage; Anabolic or Catabolic?
Triglyceride/Triglycerol Synthesis; Anabolic
42
Location of Triglyceride/Triglycerol Synthesis
Cytosol
43
Reactants and Products of Triglyceride/Triglycerol Synthesis
R: DHAP, Glycerol P: Triglyceride/Triglycerol
44
Oxidation of Fatty Acids is also called ___.
B-oxidation
45
Triglyceride/Triglycerol Synthesis is also known as the ___. Anabolic or Catabolic?
Kennedy Pathway; Anabolic
46
Triglyceride Catabolism is the breakdown of stored ___ into glycerol and fatty acids
triglycerides; glycerol and fatty acids
47
Location of Triglyceride Catabolism
Cytosol
48
Cholesterol Synthesis is also known as
Mevalonate Pathway
49
Synthesis of cholesterol from Acetyl-CoA; Anabolic or Catabolic?
Cholesterol Synthesis; Anabolic
50
Location of Cholesterol Synthesis
Cytosol, ER, Peroxisomes
51
Reactants and Products of Cholesterol Synthesis
R: Acetyl-CoA P: Cholesterol
52
Conversion of RNA to codons
Protein Translation
53
Location of Translation
Ribosomes
54
Reactants and Products of Translation
R: Proteins P: Amino Acids
55
Catabolism of carbon skeletons of amino acids
Nucleotide Catabolism
56
Location of Nucleotide Catabolism
CYtosol
57
Reactants and Products of Nucleotide Catabolism
Reactants: Purine and Pyrimidine Products: Purine Catabolism: Uric Acid, Pyrimidine: Co2, NH3, B-alanine, succinyl-CoA
58
Amphibolc Reaction that is a major pathway for ATP formation
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
59
Location of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Mitochondrial Matrix
60
Products and Reactants of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Reactants: 2 Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, GDP Pi Products: 3 NADH, 2 FADH2, GTP, H+, 2. CO2, SH-CoA
61
Storage form of glucose
glycogen
62
Glycogenolysis occurs in this state
fasting
63
Fed state makes use of which metabolic pathway
glycogenesis
64
Acetyl CoA from Glycoylsis goes to which metabolic pathway
Krebs Cycle
65
Products of Krebs Cycle go to where and produce waht?
ETC; ATP
66
Glucose can go to this pathway in order to produce R5P
pentose phosphate pathway
67
We store fats in the form of
trigylcerides
68
Breaking down of TAG to glycerol and fatty acids
Lipolysis
69
T/F: Breaking down of TAG to glycerol and fatty acids and synthesizing them are irreversible
FALSE: Reversible
70
GLycerol convers to ____ in order to produce ATP in Gylcolysis
DHAP
71
____ in fed state can be converted into ____ in order to store energy via Lipogenesis
DHAP; Glycerol
72
____ in fed state can be converted into ____ in order to store energy via Fatty Acid Synthesis
Acetyl CoA; Fatty Acids
73
What happens to carbs and fats when you starve
Carbs eventually run out; Break down fats
74
Excess Acetyl CoA can be converted into _____ in order to satisfy starvation state
Ketogenesis
75
Excess Acetyl CoA can be converted into _____ in order to satisfy starvation state
Ketone Bodies (Ketogenesis)
76
Utilize Ketone bodies to convert them into ____ to produce energy for brain, skeletal muslces and cardiac
Acetyl-Coa (Ketolysis)
77
Acetyl CoA is a precursor of ____ in order to make bbile salts, hormones, and cell membrane structures
Cholesterol (Cholesterol synthesis)
78
When OAA is not available what happens to Acetyl Coa?
Convert into Ketone bodies (Ketogenesis)
79
Amino acids can react with _____ to produce krebs cycle intermediates
Ketoacid
80
Aa + Keto Acid -> Keto Acid + AA
Transamination
81
Ripping off Glutamine's amine group turns to what and where will it go?
Ammonia; Urea Cycle
82
Gluatamate (a.a) -> alpha ketoglutarate releasing ammonia
Oxidative Deamination
83
New keto acid formed wit Alanine and where can it be found
pyruvate (glycolysis)
84
New keto acid formed wit aspartate and where can it be found
OAA (krebs cycle)
85
New keto acid formed with glumatate and where can it be found
alpha keto glutarate (krebs cycle)
86
T/F: PEP to Pyruvate is reversible
False: irreversible
87
Pyruvate formed from transamination can go to what pathway to make glucose and how?
Gluconeogenesis | Pyruvate, OAA, Alpha keto glutarate -> Acetyl CoA -> PEP -> Glucose
88
gluconeogenesis in glyerol can occur by converting ____ into ____ and fianlly reach glucose
glycerol; f6p
89
Pathway from new keto acids can serve two new fucntions
1) generate atp (if u rlly need energy) | 2) gluconeogeneesis
90
Lactid acid can be taken up by the liver and be converted into ____
Pyruvate
91
3 substrates for gluconeogenesis
1. AA 2. Lactic Acid 3. Glycerol 4) Odd Chain FA
92
Rate limiting step of Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose- 1,6,bisphosphate | Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase-1
93
Rate limiting step Gluconeogenesis
Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate | Enzyme: Fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase
94
Rate limiting step Glycogenesis
UDP Glucose → Glycogen | Enzyme: Glycogen synthase
95
Rate limiting step Glycogenolysis
Glycogen → Glucose 1-phosphate Enzyme: Glycogen Phosphorylase
96
Rate limiting step PPP
Glucose 6-phosphate → 6 - Phosphogluconolactone Enzyme: Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
97
Rate limiting step purine de novo synthesis
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) → 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine (PRA) Glutamine- phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase *Purine Catabolism: Xanthine oxidase
98
Rate limiting step purine lavage pahtwways
[Important Enzymes] | 1. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 2. Hypoxanthine-Guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
99
Rate limiting step pyrimidine de novo synthesis
HCO3 → Carbamoyl Phosphate Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II | *Pyrimidine Catabolism: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
100
Rate limiting step of salvage pathways
[Important Enzymes] | 1. Uridine-cytidine kinase 2. Thymidine kinase
101
Rate limiting step of urea cycle
Ammonia + CO2 → Carbamoyl Phosphate Enzyme: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1
102
Rate limiting step of FA synthesis
Acetyl CoA→ Malonyl CoA Enzyme: Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (+ CO2 + NADPH)
103
Rate limiting step of B- oxidation
Fatty Acyl-CoA → Fatty Acyl- Carnitine | Carnitine acyltransferase/ palmitoyltransferase I (Carnitine Shuttle)
104
Rate limiting step of Cholesterol Synthesis
HMG-CoA → Mevalonic Acid Enzyme: HMG-CoA reductase
105
Rate limiting step of Ketogenesis
Acetyl CoA→ HMG-CoA Enzyme: HMG-CoA synthase
106
Rate limiting step of Ketolysis
Acetoacetate → Acetoacetyl CoA Enzyme: Succinyl CoA-oxoacid transferase (SCOT)
107
Rate limiting step of TAG synthesis
[Important Enzymes] | 1. Acyl Transferase (Fatty acyl-CoA) 2. Phosphatidate phosphatase
108
Rate limiting step of TAG Catabolism
[Important Enzymes] Lipase

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