A: Hazards - Tectonic/weather Flashcards
Define tectonic hazard
Hazards that involve movement of tectonic movement of tectonic plates in the earths crust.
How does deforestation affect a tectonic hazard?
How does urbanisation affect a tectonic hazard?
How does location affect a tectonic hazard?
Deforestation - makes hillsides more unstable, so landslides are more likely in earthquakes or from heavy rain.
Urbanisation - more people live in cities meaning more people are at risk of death or serious injuries. And are more affected by natural disasters in the area.
Location - most large cities are on the coast, so people are more exposed to floods/tsunamis and hurricanes.
How does population growth affect a tectonic hazard?
How does global warming affect a tectonic hazard?
Population growth - the number of people on the planet is growing, so more people are exposed to natural hazards; meaning more death and damage are likely.
Global warming - increases the number of natural disasters such as droughts.
Which type of crust subduct at a destructive plate boundary? And why does it subduct?
Oceanic crust
Because it’s heavier and denser
(Destructive plate boundary) What force causes earthquakes?
Heats up and melts.
(Destructive plate boundaries)
What type of volcanic eruptions occur?
Composite
What are the types of volcanoes?
Shield volcano
Cone shaped
What are the different tectonic plate boundaries?
Destructive (subducts) ➡️⬅️
Conservative ⬆️⬇️
Constructive ⬅️➡️
Collision ↖️↗️
When was the Haiti earthquake?
12/1/2010
Why did Haiti suffer and earthquake?
Because Haiti is located near the North American plate, South American plate and Caribbean plate.
Haiti is stuck and surrounded by conservative/transform plates, which means that they created the earthquake in Haiti because of the FRICTION of the plates whilst they’re grinding together.
Why were the impacts of the Haiti earthquakes bad?
Hint: Richter scale, capital and shocks.
Because the earthquake measured 7.0 on the Richter scale.
Additionally, the focus was 13km underground and the epicentre was 25km from the capital Port-au-Prince.
Finally, Haiti suffered a huge number of serious shocks.
What made the impacts of the Haiti earthquake worse?
- the houses were self built by scrap, built on hillsides, more likely to be destroyed
- 66% of the population of Haiti earn less than £1 a day
- large families
- many of the population are uneducated and work informal jobs
- the majority of the 3 million people that live in Port-au-Prince living in slum conditions
Name some primary impacts in of the Haiti earthquake
Deaths
Over 250,000 homes destroyed
300,000 people were injured in the earthquake
Government buildings destroyed
Name some secondary impacts of the Haiti earthquake
Families need food & water
Outbreaks of cholera
Over 230,000 died & 1.5 million people were made homeless
Many people still in refugee camps up to a year after disaster
The Haitian tourist industry declined - tourists stopped visiting
The government in Haiti found it difficult to cooperate
Name some short term responses of the Haiti earthquake
Search for survivors
Refugees
Have to bury dead bodies in mass graves
Slow responses, due to large after shocks, roads were blocked & airports were damaged
Within a month of earthquakes, $1.79 billion of aid had been donated to Haiti
Emergency shelters were flown from companies
Name some long term responses of the Haiti earthquake
Families rely on the “outside world”
Raising money for families
The US army arrived in Haiti & took over the airport to take control of distributing aid around Haiti
Charities gave families loans to restart businesses e.g shops so they could return to earning money & not have to rely on emergency aid
Counties sent over 1,000 emergency relief
Schools rebuilt & gave families money to pay loans for school fees
Positive effects of Haiti’s immediate and long term responses
Refugee camps were set up where people could get emergency shelter, water, food and medical help
Charities employed Haitian people to start clearing debris and rubble so that people could earn money and re-start the Haitian economy
2 weeks after the earthquake, the US Army took over co-ordinating the relief efforts because the Haitian government were so disorganised
$9 billion was given by international organisations after the earthquake to help people in Haiti
(also negative)
Negative effects of Haiti’s immediate and long term responses
There was no where to bring aid into the country - the airport and port were both destroyed
As Haiti is a poor country, which experiences hurricanes far more often than major earthquakes, there were no emergency plans in place for earthquakes
2 years after the earthquake, 520,000 people still lived in refugee camps
Slow distribution of aid and emergency medical supplies meant that cholera, a deadly disease spread in refugee camps, adding to the death toll
People started searching the rubble for survivors with their bare hands, but no heavy lifting equipment, or organised search was started until the USA army arrived
Government building were destroyed, meaning there was no where to coordinate the relief effort
When was the Japan tsunami?
2011
What were the impacts (p+s) of the Japan tsunami? (2011)
Shook buildings Flooding Car on roof Twin destroyed 700 after shocks Path being ripped apart Cars destroyed Homes destroyed Parts of sewage joins flood Homelessness Clear up operation Businesses and money lost Fukushima nuclear power plant -> chnoble, reactions over heated and blew up - nuclear fall out zone
What were the responses to the Japan tsumnami (ST+LT) 2011
Everyone in Japan with a phone, connected will receive an alert before the earthquake. Giving them 1 or 2 minutes to get to safety. And a tv message showing how bad it will be
Run
Search parties & ambulances to try and find survivors (very quickly)
Trying to use science and past events to try to piece together where it will be worse
Nuclear power plants has automatic shut down (power down)
What (why) caused the Japan tsunami 2011?
700 aftershocks
Japan falls on the meeting point of 4 plate boundaries
Pacific plate travels 9cm under Japan per year
Japan are so used to get warnings of tsunami and earthquakes, that they weren’t expecting it to be so big
Most people in Japan live near coast
Defence walls useless/low defence, as gone down 1 metre - the tsunami/flooding was 10 metres high
What was Haiti and Japan on the Richter scale?
Haiti was 7.0 on the Richter scale
Japan was 9.0 on the Richter scale
How many deaths occurred from Haiti and Japan?
Haiti: +230,000
Japan: 16,447
What was the economic cost of Haiti and Japan?
Haiti: cost $14 billion
Japan: cost $217 billion
Speed of response in Haiti and Japan
Haiti: slow - had to wait for an international response, which took 3 days to arrive
Japan: rapid - search and rescue started within 20 minutes
Population density of Haiti’s and Japan
Haiti: high - 3 million people in the capital city
Japan: mixed - Sendai, a city with a population of 1 million, was affected by the Earthquake, but most of the coast was small villages
Buildings destroyed- Haiti and Japan
Haiti: 50% of the buildings were destroyed
Japan: 111,944 buildings destroyed
Strongness of infrastructure in Haiti and Japan
Haiti: weak and destroyed by the earthquake e.g the port
Japan: strong, but roads, railways and ports near the coast were destroyed by the tsunami
Income level in Haiti and Japan
Haiti: low - gdp/capita = $1,800
Japan: high - gp/capita = $38,000
What made the natural distaste in Haiti worse than in Japan?
Haiti was poorer Buildings in Haiti were unstable 230,000+ deaths The response time was slow - 3 days Diseases from dirty water - cholera Refugee camps - some are still there, years later A lot of secondary deaths Outbreak of cholera made death toll higher
