A Level Cram Flashcards by anny s

Cause and Treatment of Depression

Cognitive Cause (negative thinking patterns)
CBT Treatment (Cognitive behavioral therapy identify and replace negative thoughts)

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Cause and Treatment of Phobias

Behavioural Cause (learned through classical conditioning)
Desensitization Therapy Treatment (systematic desensitization- gradual exposure + relaxation)

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Cause and Treatment of Schizophrenia

Biological Cause (excess dopamine genetics)
Antipsychotics Treatment (reduce dopamine effects)

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Diagnosing Disorders
(clinical psychology)

Abnormality definitions
DSM/ICD

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Abnormality definitions

statistical infrequency (rare behaviours)
deviation from social norms (not fitting cultural expectations)

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DSM/ICD

used to diagnose mental illnesses

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Strengths and Weaknesses of Biological Approach

+ scientific
- side effects

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Strengths and Weaknesses of cognitive approach

+treat root cause
- blames individual

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Strengths and Weaknesses of behavioural approach

+ easy to apply
- ignores deeper causes

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2 types of health beliefs

self efficacy
health belief model

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self-efficacy

belief in your ability to succeed= more likely to change health behaviour

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health belief model

people change behavior if they believe they are at risk & see benefits

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causes of stress

life events, hassles

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stress coping methods

problem focused: fix the source
emotion-focused: manage feelings (social support)

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causes of addiction

social learning (watching others or peer pressure)
biological: genetics and brain chemicals

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treatments of addictions

cue exposure: repeated exposure to triggers without using
aversion therapy:negative association with the substance

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health promotions types

media campaigns: ads, social media
doctor based: health advice from professionals
community intervention: school programs

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key factor of health promotion

fear appeals can work but only if people believe they can change

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Aim of Freeman et al

to study paranoia using Vr simulations

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methods of Freeman et al

participants walked through a virtual underground trian

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findings of Freeman et al

higher paranoia = more likely to interpret neutral avatars as hostile

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conclusion of Freeman et al

VR can safely asses persecutory ideations

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strengths of Freeman et al

controlled realistic

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weakness of Freeman et al

limited ecological validity as VR is artificial

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Aim of Oruc et al

examine genetic basis for bipolar in women

method of Oruc et al

compared DNA of women with /without bipolar disorder

Oruc et al findings

genetic markers linked to serotonin system found in bipolar group

conclusion of Oruc et al

bipolar disorder may have a biological/genetic basis

strength of Oruc et al

objective genetic data

weakness of Oruc et al

small, gender-limited sample

Grant et al Aim

use CBT to reduce distress in schizophernia

Grant et al method

case study with structured CBT sessions

Grant et al findings

patient reported reduced distress from voices

conclusions of Grant et al

CBT can help manage symptoms

strength of Grant et al

individual-focused

weakness in Grant et al

low generalizability (only one case)

Chapman and DeLapp aim

evaluate psychoeducational effect on symptom control

Chapman and DeLapp methods

sessions teaching patients families about schizophrenia

Chapman and DeLapp findings

better medication adherence and fewer hospitalizations

Chapman and DeLapp conclusion

psychoeducation improves outcomes

strengths Chapman and DeLapp

practical application

Chapman and DeLapp weakness

long-term effect unclear

lovell et al aim

test CBT over the phone for OCD

method of lovell et al

randomize controlled trail comparing phones vs. face- to face CBT

lovell et al findings

both groups improved equally

lovell et al conclusion

telephone CBT is effective and accessible

lovell et al strength

wider access to therapy

weakness of lovell et al

less personal than in-person therapy

savage & armstrong aim

compare directive vs. shared (patient-centered) consultations

savage & armstrong method

random assignment to two consultation styles

savage & armstrong findings

patient preferred directive style andrated doctors more highly

savage & armstrong conclusion

communication style affects satisfaction

savage & armstrong strengths

real patient-doctor interaction

savage & armstrong weakness

only short-term outcomes are measured

yokley & glenwick aim

test effectiveness of prompts and incentives for child vaccines

yokley & glenwick method

four groups (reminder only, appointment, monetary, control)

yokley & glenwick findings

incentives significantly boosted attendance

yokley & glenwick conclusion

behavioural strategies improve health compliance

yokley & glenwick strengths

practical health application

yokley & glenwick weakness

may not be sustainable long-term

Brudvik et al aim

observe pain behavior in dental patinets

Brudvik et al method

measured facial pain responses and reported pain levels

Brudvik et al findings

facial expressions didn't always match self-reports

Brudvik et al conclusions

pain perception is complex and subjective

Brudvik et al strength

real clincal setting

Brudvik et al weakness

hard to measure pain objectively

Bridge et al. aim

review safety in SSRIs in treating adolescent depression

Bridge et al method

meta-analysis of clinical trails

Bridge et al finding

some SSRI (like fluoxetine) are effective but have risk of suicidality

Bridge et al conclusion

benefits must be weighed with risks

Bridge et al stregths

broad data from many studies

Bridge et al weakness

publication bias in included trails

Shoshani and Steinmetz aims

test emotional well-being program for adolescents

Shoshani and Steinmetz methods

pre-post study in israeli schools

Shoshani and Steinmetz findings

increased well-being and reduced distress

Shoshani and Steinmetz conclusion

mental health education works

Shoshani and Steinmetz strengths

preventive and proactive

Shoshani and Steinmetz weakness

cultural specificity

CBT vs telephone CBT

similar effectiveness but phone CBT increases access

A Level Cram Flashcards

(79 cards)