a-level_psychology_3_1_2_memory_20240615133045 Flashcards
1
Q
What does Coding mean?
A
The format in which info is stored in the various memory stores
2
Q
What does Capacity mean?
A
The amount of info that can be held in a memory store at a given time
3
Q
What does Duration mean?
A
How much time information can be held in a memory store
4
Q
What is Short Term Memory (STM) and what are it’s properties?
A
- The limited capacity memory store
- Coding is mainly acoustic
- Capacity is between 5-9 items
- Duration is between 18-30 seconds
5
Q
What is Long Term Memory (LTM)?
A
- The permanent memory store
- Coding is mainly semantic
- Unlimited Capacity
- Unlimited store of memories
6
Q
What are the Research Studies for Short Term Memory?
A
- Baddeley- Coding
- Jacob/Miller - Capacity
- Peterson and Peterson - Duration
7
Q
What are the Research Studies for Long Term Memory?
A
- Baddeley - Coding
- Duration - Bahrick
8
Q
x
Desribe Baddeley’s study. (Aims, Procedure, Findings, Conclusions)
A
- Aims- Assess whether coding in STM was mainly semantic or acoustic
- Procedure - Uses word lists like cat, mat. There were 4 sets of word lists - acoustically similiar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similiar, semantically dissimilar. Participants had to recall order of word lists. Done immediately to assess STM, 20 min after to assess LTM
- Findings - Participants given list of acoustically similiar words had worst recall. Confused similiar sounds word. Participants given list of semantically similiar words had worst recall.
- Conclusion - Poor recall showed words were confused. For immediate recall, acoustically sounding words weren’t remembered well. Suggests STM is acoustically coded, people remembered other lists fine. For delayed recall, semantically sound words weren’t remebered well. LTM is semantically coded
9
Q
Desrcibe Jacobs (1887) Study.
A
- Aims- Research capacity of STM
- Procedure - Developed technique to measure digit span - how many items an individual can remember in sequence and repeat in order
- Findings - Found mean span for digit was 9.3 items. For letters it was 7.3
- Conclusion - Memory can hold 7-9 items
10
Q
Describe Miller (1956) study.
A
- Aim - Research capacity of STM
- Procedure - Saw things came in sevens (days of week). Also used a digit span technique but “Chunked” items into groups
- Findings - Found people could recall 5 words as well as they could recall 5 letters (via chunking)
- Conclusion - Used term ‘magical number 7’ to describe capacity
11
Q
Desribe Peterson and Peterson (1956) study.
A
- Aim - Research duration of STM
- Procedure - 24 students did 8 trials and were given consonant syllable (BNT) and a three-digit number and asked to count back down to stop rehearsal. On each trial they stopped at either 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds
- Findings - STM lasts about 18s, after this very few people can recall consonant syllable
- Conclusion - STM has a very short duration, unless rehearsed
12
Q
Describe Bahrick (1975) study.
A
- Aim - Research duration of LTM
- Procedure - Tested recall of people participants had gone to school with using photo recognition and free recall
- Findings - 90% accuracy for photo recog with people who graduated in 15 years and 60% accuracy for free recall. After 48 years, photo recog = 70% and other 30%
- Conclusion - LTM lasts a long time
13
Q
Baddeley
What is a Limitation of the Research into Capacity, Coding and Duration of STM and LTM?
A
- Baddeley’s study didn’t have any meaningful material
- Words had no personal meaning
- When info is meaningful people will use semantic coding even in STM
14
Q
Jacob (too old)
What is a Limitation of the Research into Capacity, Coding and Duration of STM and LTM?
A
- Jacob’s study was conducted a long time ago
- Early research lacked control of extraneous variables
- Some participants = distracted
- Reduces validity of finding
15
Q
Miller (oversimplified)
What is a Limitation of the Research into Capacity, Coding and Duration of STM and LTM?
A
- Miller’s research may have oversimplified capacity in STM
- Cowan (2001) reviewed other research and said that capacity of STM was only 4 chunks lower than 5-9 itms
- Accepted capacity of STM = inaccurate
16
Q
Peterson (artificial)
What is a Limitation of the Research into Capacity, Coding and Duration of STM and LTM?
A
- Peterson and Peterson used artificial stimuli
- YCG doesn’t represent real life
- Lacks external validity
17
Q
Bahrick (real life + extr var)
What is a Limitation and Strength of the Research into Capacity, Coding and Duration of STM and LTM?
A
- Bahrick = high external validity
- Used memories of real life
- Real life is more accurately representative
- Confounding var not controlled - may have looked at photos before experiment
18
Q
What is the Multi Store Model of Memory?
A
- A representation of how memory works in terms of three stores; sensory register, STM and LTM.
- Describes how info is transferred from one store to another, how it’s remembered and how its forgotten.
19
Q
What does Sensory Register mean (SR)?
[3]
A
- The memory store for each of our 5 senses, such as vision (iconic store) and hearing (echoic store)
- Coding in iconic sensory register is visual and in the echoic sensory register it’s acoustic.
- Capacity of SR is huge and info lasts for very short time - less than half a second
20
Q
What does Short Term Memory mean?
Revision
A
The limited capacity memory store. Coding is mainly acoustic and cacpaity is between 5 to 9 items. Duration is 18s-30s
21
Q
What does Long Term Memory mean?
Revision
A
The permanent memory store. Coding is semantic and it has unlimited capacity. Duration is unlimited.
22
Q
What does iconic store mean?
A
Vision
23
Q
What does echoic store mean?
A
Hearing
24
Q
What is the coding in the iconic ensory register?
A
Visual
25
What is the coding in the echoic sensory register?
Acoustic
26
What is the capacity for Sensory Register?
Huge
27
What is the duration of SR?
Less than half a second
28
What is the coding for Sensory Register overall? [5]
* Iconic
* Echoic
* Olfactory
* Haptic
* Gustatory
29
Who developed the Multi Store Model of Memory and when?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
30
What happens after half a second when info is stored?
It's forgotten
31
The SR is _____ specific.
Modality
32
What does Modality specific mean?
Whichever sense is registered will match the way it is consequently held (for e.g. taste is held as taste)
33
If attended to, where can sensory information move into for temporary storage?
STM
34
How is temporary storage primarily encoded?
Acoustic (sound)
35
How can you increase the capacity of the STM from 30 s?
Chunking (converting a string of items into a number of larger 'chunks')
36
How can you consolidate information from STM to LTM?
**Rehearse information** via the **rehearsal loop** helps to retain info in STM, and then conslidate it to LTM
37
# LTM and STM is different
What is a Strength of the Multi Store Model of Memory theory? [3]
* There's a lot of research to support the fact that STM and LTM are different
* For e.g. KF who was brain damaged, had impaired STM. But his LTM, after testing, was still intact
* STM and LTM are different memory stores
38
What is another Strength of Multi Store Model of Memory? [3]
* It makes sense that LTM memories are coded semantically
* For e.g. you might recall general example in a political speech, rather than all the words
* MSM has face validity
39
What is a Limitation of Multi Store Model of Memory? [3]
* MSM incorrectly says STM is **single, unitary store**
* Shalice and Waarington found that amnesia patient KF had **poor STM recall** for **auditory** stimuli, but **good recall** for **visual** stimuli
* KF can **differentiate** between verbal and non-verbal sounds, shows different types of STM
40
What is another Limitation for Multi Store Model of Memory? [3]
* MSM says **amount of maintenance rehearsal** determines likelihood info will pass into LTM
* Craik and Watson says it's **type** of rehearsal that's more important.
* They suggest **elaborative rehearsal** is needed to transfer info from STM into LTM - by making links with existing knowledge
41
What does Episodic Memory mean?
[3]
* A long term memory store for **personal events**.
* It includes **memories** of when events occured and of people, places etc. involved
* Memories from this store have to be **retrieved consciously** and with **effort**
42
What does Semantic Memory mean?
[3]
* A long term memory store for our **knowldge of the world**
* This includes **facts** and our **knowledge** of what words/concepts mean
* Memories need to be **recalled deliberately**
43
What is Procedural Memory?
* A long term memory store for our **knowledge of how to do things**
* This includes our **memories of learned skills**
* We recall these memories without **conscious or deliberate effort**
44
What does Explicit/Declarative mean?
Memories that can be inspected and recalled consciously
45
What does Implicit mean?
Memories that are unable to be consciously recalled
46
What is Episodic memory a LTM store for?
Personal events
47
What is Semantic memory a LTM store for?
Our knowledge of the world
48
What is Procedural memory a LTM store for?
For knowledge on how to do things
49
Which LTM types is explicit?
[2]
1. Episodic Memory
2. Semantic Memory
50
Which LTM type is implicit?
Procedural memory
51
Episodic memories are "time --------"
Stamped
52
What parts of brain is involved in coding of episodic memories (initial coding + consolidation and storage) ?
[2]
* **Prefrontal cortex** is involved in initial coding
* **Neocortex and hippocampus** involved in consolidation and storage
53
What parts of brain is involved in Semantic Memory?
[3]
* Hippocampus
* Frontal lobes
* Temporal lobes
54
What parts of brain is involved in Procedural Memory?
[3]
* Primary motor cortex
* Cerebellum
* Prefrontal cortex
55
# Different → Treatments → episodic memory training
What is a Strength of the Different types of LTM?
[4]
* Identifying different types of memory allows treatments to be developed
* Belleville showed episodic memories could be improved in individuals with mild cognitive impairment
* Trained participant did better on test of episodic memory than control group
* Real life applications of research
56
What is a Limitation of Different types of LTM?
* Argument if episodic memory and semantic memory are seperate
* Cohen & Squire not agree with Tulving LTM three types - they argue only two. Declarative vs Non-Declarative
* Difficult to seperate episodic and semantic memory - both stored in PFC
57
What is the Working Memory Model?
A representation of STM that suggests STM is a **dynamic processor** of info using sub-units controlled by a **central decision-making system**
58
What is the Central Executive?
[2]
* The component of WMM that **controls activities** of three subsystems in memory.
* It also **allocates processing resources** to those activities
59
What is the Chronological Loop?
[2]
* Part of WMM that processes info in terms of **sound** (written, spoken material)
* Divided into **phonological store** and **articulatory process**
60
What is the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?
The part of WMM that processes **visual and spatial info** in a mental space often called our **'inner eye'**
61
What is an Episodic Buffer?
[2]
* Component of WMM that brings together material from the other **subsystems into a single memory** than seperate strands
* It's also a **bridge between working memory and long-term memory**
62
What does WMM suggest the STM is made up of?
[4]
* The central executive
* The phonological loop
* Visuo-spatial sketchpad
* Episodic buffer
63
What is the Central Executive often described as?
An attentional process
64
What type of coding is Central Executive?
All sensory forms
65
What type of coding is Phonlogical Loop?
Auditory
66
What type of coding is Visuo-spatial sketchpad?
[2]
* Visual
* Spatial
67
What type of coding is Episodic Buffer?
All sensory forms
68
What is the capacity of Central Executive?
One strand of info at a time
69
What is the capacity of Phonological Loop?
Amount of info that can be **spoken out loud in 2 seconds**
70
What is the capacity of Visuo-Spatial sketchpad?
3 or 4 objects
71
What is the capacity of Episodic Buffer?
**4 chunks** of info
72
Who developed the Working Memory Model? And when?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
73
What part of Memory does the WMM specifically focus on?
The short term memory
74
# over-simplifying
What was Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi-store Model of memory criticized for?
* For **over-simplifying** STM as a single, unitary store
* WMM said STM is composed of three, limited capacity stores
75
What does the Central Executive manage?
Attention
76
What does the Central Executive (CE) control information from?
Two 'slave' stores
77
What demands are placed on CE?
Attentional demands - completeing new task and need focus
78
What does the Phonological Loop temporarily retain?
It temporarily retains **language-based information in auditory form**
79
What doesa articulatory rehearsal prcoess do?
[4]
* It's the **'inner voice'** of language
* Allows **maintainance rehearsal**
* Includes any language presented **visually** then converted to a phonological state
* Involves **subvocal repetition**
80
What does the Phonological store do?
* It's the 'inner eye'
* Holds auditory speech info **and** the order in which it was heard
81
What is the main purpose of the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?
Navigation
82
What does the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad retain? And for how long?
[2]
It **temporarily** retains **visual and spatial** information
83
How many items can the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad hold?
It can hold 3 or 4 items at one time
84
Within the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad, what does the visual cache do?
[2]
It stores **visual information** about **form and colour**
85
Within the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad, what does the inner scribe do?
[2]
It deals with **spatial relationships** and **arrangement of objects**
86
What does the Episodic Buffer do?
Helps communication between components of the WMM and long-term memory
87
Where does Episodic Bufgfer integrate info from?
From other store
88
Episodic Buffer integrates info from other stores and maintains a sense of ________________.
Time sequencing
89
What does the Central Executive actually do?
It's the 'sorter'
90
What controls where the info is going between Phonological Loop or Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?
The central executive
91
What is the link between central executive and long-term memory?
Episodic buffer
92
Which research did the WMM stem from?
Dual-task technique (interference tasks)
93
What happens in 'dual-task technique'?
Performance is measured as participants perform two tasks simultaneously
94
What happens to task performance if one store is utilised for both tasks? Why?
* Task perfromance is **poorer** than when it's completed seperately
* Due to store's limited capacity
95
What happens to task performance, if different stores is used for a task?
* Performance is unaffected
* e.g. "the the the" repeat aloud whilst doing reasoning task is fine
96
# Shalic and Warrington - KF amnesia
What is a strength for Working Memory Model?
* Support come from Shalic and Warrington's study of patient KF who had amnesia
* After damage, KF had poor STM abaility for verbal info, but could process visual info fine
* Phonological loop is damaged, leaving other parts of memory intact
* Evidence to support that STM has different stores for visual and acoutsic info
97
# no clarity over CE
What is a limitation for WMM?
* there's a lack of clarity over central executive
* Model isn't really explained
* Needs to be more specified than just attentional process
* WMM is incomplete
98
What is a strength of WMM?
* Brain scanning supports WMM
* Braver et al gave participants tasks that used centrale xecutive whilst brain scna and found lots of activity in left prefrontal cortex
* As difficulty increased, activity in left prefrontal cortex ncreased
* WMM makes snese
* Biologuila bases
99
What is limitation of WMM?
* Evidence from case studies need to be treated with caution
* Evidence not reliable because unnique cases with aptient
* Baslien measuremnts not taken behaviour
* No control to compare
