Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Phisiology I > A&P 1 - Chapter 4 > Flashcards

A&P 1 - Chapter 4 Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial - covers or lines
  2. Connective - supported
  3. Muscle - movement
  4. Nerve - control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

epithelial tissue

A

sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a cavity, forms boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

apical surface of epithelium

A

the top layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

basal surface of epithelium

A

basement layer, touches CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

microvilli

A

finger like extensions of plasma, increase surface area (brushed border)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cilia

A

epithelia that propel substances along their free surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

basal lamina

A

thin non-cellular adhesive sheet of epithelium, acts as scaffolding for repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

epithelium is supported by

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

reticular lamina

A

extra cellular layer below the basal lamina containing collagen protein fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what makes up the basement membrane? What is its purpose?

A

reticular lamina & basal membrane, helps resist stretching and tearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epithelium is avascular but innervated by nerves how does it get nourishment?

A

by the blood vessels in underlying CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when classifying epithelium it is given 2 names

A

1st indicates # of cell layers, 2nd indicates the shape of the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the functions of epithelium?

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function & location of simple squamous epithelium?

A

function: diffusion or filtration
location: lining of heart, air sacs of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function & location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

function: secretion & absorption
location: surface of ovaries & small glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function & location of simple columnar epithelium?

A

function: secretion & absorption
location: lines digestive tract (stomach to rectum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function & location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

function: secretion
location: found in trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stratified epithelium

A

2 or more cell layers, major roll protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does endothelium provide?

A

a slick friction reducing lining in lymphatic & hollow organs of the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where is mesothelium found?

A

in serous membranes lining the body cavity & covering its organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function & location of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

function: protects underlying tissues
location: lining of mouth & vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the function & location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

function:
location: sweat & mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function & location of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

function:
location: pharynx & male urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function & location of transitional epithelium?

A

function: stretches to permit distension
location: bladder & urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
glandular epithelium consists of
one or more cells that secrete something (fluids that contain proteins)
26
ducts
tube like connections to epithelium
27
endocrine glands
ductless, produce hormones, structurally diverse
28
what are hormones?
regulating chemicals secreted by exocytosis into extracellular space
29
exocrine glands
glands that secrete their products onto body surfaces (sweat, mucous, oil & salivary glands)
30
merocrine
exocrine glands that secrete products by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands)
31
holocrine
exocrine glands that accumulate their products until they rupture (sebaceous glands)
32
what do goblet cells do?
release mucous to lubricate (unicellular)
33
multicellular glands are made up of what 2 basic parts?
an epithelium derived duct & a secretory unit
34
simple
unbranched duct
35
compound
branched duct
36
tubular
when secretory cells form tubes
37
alveolar
cells form flask like sacs
38
tubuloalveolar
both types of secretory units occur
39
4 classes of CT
1. CT proper (fat, fibrous tissues of ligaments) 2. cartilage 3. bone 4. blood
40
4 main functions of CT
1. binding & support 2. protection 3. insulation 4. transportation
41
all CT arise from
mesenchyme
42
is cartilage vascular or avascular?
avascular
43
ground substance is composed of
interstitial fluid
44
cell adhesion proteins serve as
CT glue
45
GAG
negatively charged polysaccharide that stretch out from a core protein like the fibers of a bottle brush
46
what are the 3 GAG?
1. chondroiton 2. keratin sulfates 3. hyaluronic acid
47
fibers provide support, what are the 3 types?
1. collagen - white, tough, provide strength 2. elastic - yellow, rubber-like protein-elastin 3. reticular - fine fibers around blood vessels & soft tissue of organs
48
what are the primary blast cells for CT proper, cartilage, bone & blood?
1. CT proper - fibroblast 2. cartilage - chondroblasts 3. bone - osteoblasts 4. blood - hematopoietic stem cell
49
what are the 4 accessory cell types?
1. fat cells - nutrient storing 2. WBC's 3. mast cells - respond to injuries 4. macrophages - respond to injuries
50
3 WBC's that migrate from bloodstream to CT matrix?
1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. lymphocytes
51
what do mast cells do?
cluster along blood vessels, detect foreign substances & initiate inflammatory response
52
what chemicals do mast cells secrete to mediate inflammation?
Heparin - anticoagulant Histamine - makes capillaries leak Proteases - protein degrading enzyme
53
what do macrophages do?
phagocytize foreign material, dispose of dead tissue cells
54
where are macrophages found?
loose CT, bone marrow, lymphatic tissue
55
what are the 5 types of CT?
1. mesenchyme 2. CT proper 3. cartilage 4. bone 5. blood
56
what is mesenchyme?
star shaped cells & fluid w/fine fibrils formed from the mesoderm germ layer
57
what are the 2 types of CT proper?
1. loose CT | 2. dense CT
58
what are the 3 types of loose CT?
1. areolar 2. adipose 3. reticular CT
59
areolar
most widely distributed CT in the body, universal packing material between tissues, supports, holds fluids, defends against infection & stores nutrients
60
what do fibroblasts look like?
spindle shaped flat branching cells
61
adipose tissue
similar to areolar, much greater nutrient storing ability
62
what are the types of adipose tissue?
1. adipocytes - 90% of tissue mass 2. white fat - stores nutrients 3. brown fat - consumes nutrient stores to make heat
63
reticular CT
like areolar but with reticular fibers, found in lymph nodes, spleen & bone marrow
64
what are the 2 types of dense CT?
1. dense regular CT | 2. dense irregular CT
65
dense regular CT
closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in same direction (parallel), slight stretch, tendons & ligaments
66
dense irregular CT
thicker and arranged irregularly, run in different planes, pull in multiple directions, dermis of skin
67
cartilage
between CT & bone, tough but flexible, no nerves, avascular, mostly chondroblasts, heals slow
68
3 types of cartilage?
1. hyaline 2. elastic 3. fibrocartilage
69
hyaline cartilage
gristle, most abundant, provides support w/pliability, covers end of long bones, tip of nose, trachea
70
elastic cartilage
lots of fibers, found where strength and stretchability are needed, external ear & epiglottis
71
fibrocartilage
intermediate between hyaline & dense regular CT, intervertebral discs & miniscus
72
what does hyaline cartilage look like on a slide?
rice puffs w/ a smooth background
73
what does elastic cartilage look like on a slide?
rice puffs with very fibrous background
74
what does fibrocartilage look like on a slide?
blue
75
bone (osseous tissue)
exceptional ability to support & protect, well vasularized
76
what does bone look like on a slide?
tree rings
77
what do osteoblasts do?
build bone
78
what do osteocytes do? where are they?
cell turn over, mature bone cell, lies in lucunae
79
blood is classified as CT because it develops from
mesenchyme
80
what is the function of blood
transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carries nutrients, wastes, gases thru body
81
what are the 3 types of lining membranes?
1. cutaneous 2. mucous 3. serous membrane
82
cutaneous membrane
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to dense irregular CT
83
mucous membrane
lines body cavities that open to exterior, nasal & oral cavity, absorption & secretion
84
serous membrane
moist membrane in closed cavities that lubricates so organs slide across each other
85
2 types of nervous tissue?
1. neurons | 2. supporting cells
86
neurons
highly specialized nerve cells that generate & conduct nerve impulses
87
supporting cells
nonconducting cells that support, insulate & protect
88
muscle tissue
highly cellular & well vascularized tissue responsible for most body movement
89
3 types of muscles
1. skeletal - voluntary 2. cardiac - involuntary 3. smooth - involuntary
90
skeletal muscle
striated, attaches to bones, contract to cause movements
91
cardiac muscle
striated, uninucleated, cells fit tightly together w/unique junctions called intercalated discs
92
smooth muscle
contracts & relaxes to squeeze substances thru organs, no visible striations, in walls of hollow organs other than heart
93
tissue repair occurs by
regeneration (replacement of destroyed tissue) & fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous CT called scar tissue)
94
tissue repair requires cells to
divide & migrate
95
what initiates tissue repair?
growth factors (wound hormones) released by injured cells
96
3 steps for wound repair?
1. inflammation 2. organization 3. regeneration & fibrous effect
97
inflammation
tissue injury causes macrophages & mast cells to release and WBC's & plasma rich in antibodies to seep into area which causes a clot
98
organization
first phase of tissue repair, restores blood supply, fibroblasts produce growth factors, macrophages digest original clot
99
regeneration & fibrous effect permanent repair
fibrous tissue beneath matures & contracts, epithelium begins to resemble adjacent skin

Anatomy & Phisiology I (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions